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Query: UMLS:C0020438 (hypercalciuria)
 2,502 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To elucidate the pathophysiology of dietary calcium independent hypercalciuria, 42 calcium stone formers (Ca SF) were selected because they had on free diet a calciuria greater than 0.1 mmol/kg/day. For four days they were put on a diet restricted in calcium (Ca RD) by exclusion of the dairy products. They collected 24 hour urines on free diet and on day 4 of Ca RD as well as the two-hour fasting urines on the morning of the day 5 and the four-hour urines passed after an oral calcium load of 1 g, for measurement of creatinine, Ca, PO4, urea and total hydroxyprolinuria (THP). On day 5 fasting plasma concentrations of Ca, PO4, intact PTH, Gla protein, calcidiol and calcitriol were measured. The patients were firstly classified into dietary hypercalciuria (DH, 18 patients) and dietary calcium-independent hypercalciuria (IH, 24 patients) on the basis of the disappearance or not of hypercalciuria on Ca RD. Then the patients with IH were subclassified into absorptive hypercalciuria (AH) because of normal fasting calciuria (8 patients) and into fasting hypercalciuria (16 patients). Fasting hypercalciuric patients were subsequently divided according to the PTH levels into renal hypercalciuria (RH, 1 patient) with elevated fasting PTH becoming normal after the Ca load and undetermined hypercalciuria (UH, 15 patients) with normal PTH levels. Furthermore, their vertebral mineral density (VMD) was measured by quantitative computerized tomography which was normal in DH (91 +/- 6% of the normal mean for age and sex) but was decreased in IH to 69 +/- 4%. No difference in VMD was observed between AH and UH. Urinary excretions of urea, phosphate and THP was higher in IH than in DH and comparable in AH and UH. Sodium excretion Ca RD was the same in all groups and subgroups as well as the plasma parameters. Plasma calcitriol was increased in IH and DH comparatively to normal in spite of normal plasma calcidiol. Calciuria increase after oral calcium load, an index of Ca absorption, was higher in IH than in controls and comparable in IH and DH as well as in the three subgroups of IH. From these data and correlation studies in IH it is concluded: (1.) VMD is decreased in Ca stone formers with IH but not in those with DH, making the distinction of these two groups of hypercalciuria patients clinically relevant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Diet, vitamin D and vertebral mineral density in hypercalciuric calcium stone formers. 189 73

The effect of different dietary regimens and of an oral calcium (Ca) load was studied in 30 children with postglomerular hematuria, 8 of whom were renal stone formers. In addition we investigated the urinary inorganic phosphate complex composition in 12 of them, based on the principles of complex equilibria. Twenty-one of the 30 hematuric children with a urinary Ca/creatinine (Ca/cr) ratio of greater than or equal to 0.6 (mmol/mmol) were regarded as hypercalciuric. Low calcium intake normalised the ratio in 11 patients, fulfilling the definition of absorptive hypercalciuria, but not in the other 10 patients with renal hypercalciuria. Sodium restriction combined with low calcium diet induced a further significant decrease of the urinary Ca/cr ratio to a normal range in both forms of hypercalciuria (mean +/- SD: 0.325 +/- 0.112 in absorptive hypercalciuria; 0.533 +/- 235 in renal hypercalciuria). There was a significant difference in the composition of phosphate complexes between the 6 normocalciuric patients and the 6 children with renal hypercalciuria investigated. Lithogenic urinary phosphate complexes (CaHPO4, MgHPO4) were excreted by the latter group in a significantly higher amount under basal conditions. On the basis of these data sodium restriction added to low calcium diet could represent a dietary approach in preventing excessive calcium excretion in idiopathic hypercalciuria, and therefore renal stone formation.
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PMID:Studies on the urinary calcium excretion in children with hematuria of postglomerular origin: effects of the variation of dietary calcium and sodium intake. 381 82

The effect of borogluconate on plasma calcium fractions was studied in vitro and in vivo in sheep. In vitro calcium chloride was more effective in raising ionised plasma calcium than calcium borogluconate. Sodium borate or gluconate added to blood caused only small decreases in blood ionised calcium. However, together, a synergistic reduction in ionised calcium was observed. Following calcium borogluconate infusions into sheep, total plasma calcium rose primarily because of an increase in the unionised ultrafiltrable fraction. Other changes observed following the infusion were hypercalciuria, decreased glomerular filtration rate and acidosis. Sodium borogluconate administered subcutaneously lowered total plasma calcium. This probably resulted from enhanced calcium excretion. It is suggested that since the anionic component of calcium solutions alters the availability and retention of calcium, it is likely to affect clinical efficacy significantly.
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PMID:Formation of calcium complexes by borogluconate in vitro and during calcium borogluconate infusion in sheep. 403 94

Four patients with renal stones had hypercalciuria which was dependent on a high sodium intake. Moderate sodium restriction corrected the hypercalciuria. Sodium excretion should be measured in all patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria so that the easily treated sodium-dependent hypercalciuria can be diagnosed.
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PMID:Sodium-dependent idiopathic hypercalciuria in renal-stone formers. 613 46

A 50-year-old Latin American man with tumoral calcinosis presented with hyperphosphatemia (6.62 +/- 1.04 SD mg/dl), elevated renal threshold phosphorus concentration (TmP) (7.3 mg/GFR), and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] (69 pg/ml) hypercalciuria (239 mg/day), and a high fractional intestinal calcium (Ca) absorption (0.74). Sodium cellulose phosphate therapy (20 g/day) lowered urinary Ca, and partially reduced serum phosphorus (P) and TmP to 5.91 +/- 0.63 mg/dl and 6.2 mg/GFR, respectively. Serum 1,25-(OH)2D remained elevated at 58-64 pg/ml. Amphojel therapy (4 oz/day) decreased urinary P to 23 +/- 21 mg/day and lowered serum P to 5.75 +/- 0.36 mg/dl (P < 0.05). TmP increased to a value of 8.0 mg/GFR while serum 1,25-(OH)2D continued to remain elevated at 53 pg/ml. This case illustrates the probable operation of dual abnormalities in tumoral calcinosis represented by augmented renal conservation of P and an elevation in the circulating concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D.
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PMID:Tumoral calcinosis: evidence for concurrent defects in renal tubular phosphorus transport and in 1 alpha,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol synthesis. 677 76

Population based data on urinary excretion of various metabolites of pathological importance, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Oxalates, Citrates, Phosphates, Uric acid and urea have been collected from around three hundred children of the Quetta valley. The body weight was in the range of 11-50 kg and the age was in between 4-16 years. The urine excretion average was 987.5 +/- 452.5 ml per 24 hours. There was 11.5% incidence of hypercalciuria, 8.5% incidence of hyperuricosuria, 2.0% hyperphosphaturia, 2.5% hypomagnesuria, 3.5% hypocitraturia, 6.5% hypernatriuria, 43.5% hypokaliurea and 2.1% hyperoxaluria. Urea excretion average was 23.11 +/- 14.99 g per 24 hours. The study provided the basis for childhood reference pattern in urinary excretion of compounds related to various pathological conditions, in particular stone formation in this region.
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PMID:Population based data on urinary excretion of various metabolites in children of north western region of Pakistan. 1006 40

During the past several decades in the United States, there has been a shift in dietary habits, with an increased consumption of processed foods that are high in sodium. It is known that calcium and sodium metabolism are linked and that higher sodium intakes may increase calcium excretion. Epidemiological studies in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria suggest that hypercalciuria is linked to low bone mass. However, the relationship of sodium intake to bone mineral density (BMD) is controversial in Caucasians and has not been explored in African-Americans. To determine the consequences of sodium intake on bone in African-American and Caucasian postmenopausal women, sodium and calcium excretion and BMD of the total hip were measured in 50 Caucasian and 39 African-American postmenopausal women. After adjustment for race and urine volume, sodium excretion was a significant predictor of calcium excretion (P < 0.01). This relationship was modulated by calcium intake (P < 0.01), but not by race (P = 0.63). There was no significant effect of sodium excretion (P = 0.42) or calcium excretion (P = 0.90) on BMD of the total hip after adjusting for race and urine volume. Sodium excretion is a significant predictor of calcium excretion in both postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women. The relationship between sodium and calcium excretion is modulated by calcium intake, and the relationship is strongest at low calcium intakes (< or =1000 mg/day). However, sodium excretion in the range of 53.75-283.33 mmole/g/total volume (mmole/g/TV) is not a significant predictor of total hip BMD in elderly African-American and Caucasian postmenopausal women.
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PMID:The relationship of sodium intake to calcium and sodium excretion and bone mineral density of the hip in postmenopausal African-American and Caucasian women. 1458 99

Over 70 years ago, potassium was found to have a natriuretic effect and was used in patients with heart failure. However, it took many years for its role in the control of blood pressure to be recognized. Recently, epidemiological and clinical studies in man and experimental studies in animals have shown that increasing potassium intake towers blood pressure and that communities with a high potassium intake tend to have lower population blood pressures. Several studies have shown an interaction between salt intake and potassium intake. However, the recent DASH-Sodium (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) study demonstrates an additive effect of a low salt and high potassium diet on blood pressure. Increasing potassium intake may have other beneficial effects, for example, reducing the risk of stroke and preventing the development of renal disease independent of its effect on blood pressure. A high potassium intake reduces calcium excretion and could play an important role in the management of hypercalciuria and kidney stone formation, as well as bone demineralization. Potassium intake may also play an important role in carbohydrate intolerance. A reduced serum potassium increases the risk of lethal ventricular arrhythmias in those at risk, i.e. patients with ischemic heart disease, heart failure or left ventricular hypertrophy, and increasing potassium intake may prevent this. In this article, we address the evidence for the important role of potassium intake in regulating blood pressure and other beneficial effects of potassium which may be independent of and additional to its effect on blood pressure.
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PMID:Potassium: more beneficial effects. 1501 47

'These famous words by Mencken in the early 20th century about the meaning of life and death, may also apply to the struggle of the healthy skeleton against the deleterious effects of retained acid!' (Kraut & Coburn, 1994). The health-related benefit of a high consumption of fruit and vegetables and the influence of this food group on a variety of diseases has been gaining increasing prominence in the literature over a number of years. Of considerable interest to the osteoporosis field is the role that bone plays in acid-base balance. Natural, pathological and experimental states of acid loading and acidosis have been associated with hypercalciuria and negative Ca balance, and more recently the detrimental effects of 'acid' from the diet on bone mineral have been demonstrated. Suprisingly, consideration of the skeleton as a source of 'buffer' contributing to both the preservation of the body's pH and defence of the system against acid-base disorders has been ongoing for over three decades. However, it is only more recently that the possibility of a positive link between a high consumption of fruit and vegetables and indices of bone health has been more fully explored. A number of population-based studies published in the last decade have demonstrated a beneficial effect of fruit and vegetable and K intake on axial and peripheral bone mass and bone metabolism in men and women across the age-ranges. Further support for a positive link between fruit and vegetable intake and bone health can be found in the results of the Dietary Approaches to Stopping Hypertension (DASH) and DASH-Sodium intervention trials. There is now an urgent requirement for the implementation of: (1) fruit and vegetable and alkali administration-bone health intervention trials, including fracture risk as an end point; (2) re-analysis of existing dietary-bone mass and metabolism datasets to look specifically at the impact of dietary 'acidity' on the skeleton.
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PMID:Intake of fruit and vegetables: implications for bone health. 1501 89

Caffeine ingestion increases urinary calcium excretion. The mechanism is not known, but prostaglandin synthesis has been implicated. We hypothesized that administration of a prostaglandin inhibitor such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) along with caffeine would prevent caffeine-induced hypercalciuria. We measured 3-hour excretion in fasting subjects who each randomly ingested four treatments on nonconcurrent mornings: no drug, caffeine (5 mg/kg body weight), acetylsalicylic acid (650 mg), or caffeine plus acetylsalicylic acid. In experiment 1, nine healthy premenopausal female subjects were studied; each treatment was taken with 200 ml of orange juice. Water was provided hourly to encourage urine flow. Urinary calcium excretion rose with caffeine treatment; mean 3-hour calcium (mmol/mmol creatinine) was 0.49 +/- 0.07 compared with 0.23 +/- 0.04 during the no-drug treatment. Acetylsalicylic acid caused a significant reduction in urinary calcium to 0.13 +/- 0.08; when it was combined with caffeine, caffeine-induced calcium excretion fell significantly to 0.35 +/- 0.08. Sodium excretion tended to reflect calcium excretion. Urinary prostaglandin E(2) fell significantly with acetylsalicylic acid, with and without caffeine. There were no significant changes in creatinine, water, or potassium excretion. Experiment 2 was similar, except that water was substituted for orange juice to test the possibility that acetylsalicylic acid affected elevated but not basal calcium excretion. Similar and even more pronounced results were obtained, with caffeine causing a threefold increase in urinary calcium, acetylsalicylic acid causing a decrease by half, and the combined drug treatment being greater than no drug but less than caffeine alone. Urinary phosphorus rose significantly with caffeine alone. Prostaglandin synthesis may not be directly involved in caffeine-induced hypercalciuria, as the magnitude of the caffeine-induced increase was similar when treatments given the acetylsalicylic acid were compared with those without a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor.
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PMID:Effect of prostaglandin inhibition on caffeine-induced hypercalciuria in healthy women. 1553 5


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