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Query: UMLS:C0020438 (hypercalciuria)
 2,502 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Idiopathic hypercalciuria constitutes two major variants-absorptive hypercalciuria, characterized by a primary intestinal hyperabsorption of calcium, and renal hypercalciuria, in which renal tubular reabsorption of calcium is primarily impaired. The two forms of hypercalciuria may be distinguished from each other, since a) parathyroid function is stimualted in renal hypercalciuria, but normal or suppressed in absorptive hypercalciuria, b) the renal leak of calcium is present in renal hypercalciuria, but not in absorptive hypercalciuria, c) intestinal calcium absorption is probably increased primarily in absorptive hypercalciuria, and secondarily in renal hypercalciuria (from parathyroid hormone excess), d) the increased calcium absorption in renal hypercalciuria probably results from the parathyroid hormone-dependent stimulation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D synthesis, whereas that in absorptive hypercalciuria may be vitamin D-independent, e) the response of the two conditions to certain treatments is unique, and f) the sequelae of parathyroid hormone excess, such as low bone density and negative calcium balance, may be present in renal hypercalciuria, but not in absorptive hypercalciuria. These findings provide a physiological basis for the consideration of absorptive and renal hypercalciurias as distinct and separate entities.
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PMID:Physiological basis for absorptive and renal hypercalciurias. 22 36

The frequency of hypercalciuria was determined in the families of nine hypercalciuric patients with idiopathic hypercaliuria who formed recurrent calcium oxalate renal stones. Idiopathic hypercalciuria occurred in 26 of 73 relatives, in three consecutive generations of two families and in two successive generations of four other families. Multiple siblings or children of the probands were affected in three families. Nineteen of 44 first-degree relatives (43 per cent) had idiopathic hypercalciuria, as compared to seven of 29 (29 per cent) other relatives; there was no relation to age or sex. Renal stones were formed by 19 of the 44 first-degree relatives but by none of the others; nine of the 19 were women. We conclude that there is a familial form of hypercalciuria, which appears to be transmitted as an autosomal dominant trait. Stone disease is frequent in first-degree relatives, and affects both sexes equally.
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PMID:Familial idiopathic hypercalciuria. 75 93

Idiopathic hypercalciuria was noted in 10% of a series of 1635 subjects with renal lithiasis. Eight-day administration of thiazide diuretics as a test for the discovery of latent hyperparathyroidism in idiopathic hypercalciuria is described. In 6 cases diagnosed in this way, surgery disclosed the presence of a parathyroid adenoma. Resection was followed by persistent hypercalciuria and, in some instances, renal lithiasis activity. The pathogenesis of associations of these frequently observed diseases is examined.
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PMID:[Hypercalciuric and hyperparathyroid renal lithiasis]. 99 3

Idiopathic hypercalciuria, though a common cause of nephrolithiasis, has not been recognized to cause hypocalcemia and severe bone disease. We describe an adolescent with idiopathic hypercalciuria who presented initially with severe hypocalcemia and osteoporosis and this was later complicated by recurrent renal calculi formation after calcium and vitamin D supplement. After treatment with thiazide, hypercalciuria was controlled and serum biochemistry normalized. While idiopathic renal hypercalciuria may cause a negative calcium balance in adults, a variant of this syndrome with severe renal calcium leak occurring in a growing subject could lead to severe hypocalcemia and osteoporosis.
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PMID:Idiopathic hypercalciuria causing osteoporosis and hypocalcemia. 163 May 50

Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in the pediatric population and occurs in approximately 2.9-6.2% of normal children. The majority of children with IH are asymptomatic; however, the most common clinical presentation is that of isolated hematuria (gross or microscopic). The prevalence, presentation and clinical course of IH is less well established in infants. We have recently seen two young infants with IH who had dysuria on presentation. Their hypercalciuria was difficult to manage and required frequent manipulations of drug therapy and diet restrictions. These cases emphasize the importance of evaluating infants with dysuria and irritability for IH, even in the absence of hematuria. Further studies are needed to establish the prevalence and classical presentation of IH in this population, and to determine the necessary duration of therapy.
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PMID:Irritability and dysuria in infants with idiopathic hypercalciuria. 191 Nov 59

Idiopathic hypercalciuria (IH) is a heterogeneous disorder frequently observed in patients with nephrolithiasis. At one extreme of its clinical spectrum is fasting hypercalciuria (FH), a condition characterized by increased bone resorption and turnover. In previous studies we have shown that monocytes from patients with high turnover osteoporosis and from women in early postmenopause elaborate increased amounts of interleukin-1 (IL-1), a cytokine that stimulates bone resorption in vitro and in vivo. Since IL-1 could also mediate the resorptive mechanism of FH and cause a clinically significant bone loss, we have studied the relationship of IH, vertebral mineral density, bone turnover, and monocyte IL-1 activity in 47 patients with absorptive hypercalciuria (AH), 23 with FH, and 38 nonhypercalciuric subjects with recurrent nephrolithiasis (controls). Vertebral mineral density, as measured by quantitative computer tomography, was decreased in each of the three patient groups, but was significantly lower in FH patients than in AH patients or control subjects. Twenty-four-hour total urinary hydroxyproline excretion was increased in FH patients compared to that in AH patients or controls, but blood levels of osteocalcin were not. Monocytes from FH subjects yielded significantly more IL-1 (alpha + beta) activity than those from AH patients or controls; levels of IL-1 activity in monocytes of AH and control patients were similar. In IH subjects, significant correlations were found between IL-1 and hydroxyproline (r = 0.70; P less than 0.0001), IL-1 and quantitative computer tomography values (r = -0.49; P less than 0.005), and IL-1 and urinary calcium (r = -0.36; P less than 0.05). Serum PTH levels were within normal limits in all subjects and were similar in the three study groups, 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels, although higher in IH patients than in controls, were not significantly different in FH and AH subjects. Increased IL-1 activity and decreased vertebral mineral density are features of a subset of patients with IH. Although a cause-effect relationship remains to be established, increased monocytic IL-1 activity, rather than elevated PTH or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels, could underlie the resorptive component of FH.
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PMID:Increased monocyte interleukin-1 activity and decreased vertebral bone density in patients with fasting idiopathic hypercalciuria. 237 Feb 92

Idiopathic hypercalciuria, defined as the urinary excretion of more than 300 mg. calcium per day in men or more than 250 mg. calcium per day in women, or more than 4 mg. calcium per kg. per day, is observed in about 50 per cent of the patients with calcium oxalate/apatite nephrolithiasis and is one of the risk factors for stone formation. These patients do not exhibit hypercalcemia, elevated serum parathyroid hormone concentrations or urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate excretion nor clinical evidence of sarcoidosis, other granulomas or a malignancy. Hypophosphatemia may be present. Augmented rates of intestinal absorption of dietary calcium account for most of the increments in urinary calcium. Serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations are in the upper normal range or elevated among many patients and are normal but not suppressed in the others. Activation of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D formation may be secondary to hypophosphatemia or other, as yet undefined, factors. Since, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D apparently can up-regulate its own receptor, small increments in its synthesis and blood levels could amplify the effect of the hormone to stimulate intestinal calcium absorption. Calcium balances are slightly but significantly negative and urinary hydroxyproline excretion may be increased so that a generalized disorder of calcium homeostasis also involving bone may be present. Additional studies are required to determine the genetic basis for the occurrence of idiopathic hypercalciuria in families, the cause of greater expression of idiopathic hypercalciuria in men and whether environmental factors (high dietary sodium chloride, protein and purified carbohydrate intakes) contribute to the expression of idiopathic hypercalciuria. Although thiazide diuretics, inorganic phosphate, magnesium hydroxide and potassium citrate have provided effective therapy, prospective studies are needed to determine optimum therapy and the optimum duration of treatment.
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PMID:Idiopathic hypercalciuria. 264 29

A 12 year old boy presented with primary nocturnal enuresis. Investigation showed extensive bilateral nephrocalcinosis of no obvious or recognised cause. Persistent severe renal hypercalciuria was confirmed by an intravenous calcium infusion. Idiopathic hypercalciuria is not a common cause of nephrocalcinosis and has not previously been described in a child.
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PMID:Diffuse nephrocalcinosis and idiopathic renal hypercalciuria. 269 20

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is a common disorder whose inheritance suggests an enzyme abnormality in calcium transport. We measured calcium-magnesium-ATPase activity in erythrocytes from 38 patients (mean age [+/- SEM], 40 +/- 2.1 years) with idiopathic hypercalciuria (24-hour urinary calcium excretion greater than or equal to 0.1 mmol per kilogram of body weight) and a history of multiple calcium oxalate kidney stones. As compared with 41 healthy controls, the patients with hypercalciuria had increased erythrocyte-membrane calcium-magnesium-ATPase activity (64.2 +/- 2.19 vs. 51.6 +/- 1.91 nmol of ATP split per milligram per minute; P less than 0.01) and increased sodium-potassium pump activity (6866 +/- 233 vs. 6096 +/- 228 mumol of sodium per liter of red cells per hour; P less than 0.05). No significant difference between the two groups was found in erythrocyte sodium-potassium cotransport, sodium-lithium countertransport, or potassium content. In 66 patients with kidney stones (38 with hypercalciuria and 28 with normal calcium excretion), 24-hour urinary calcium excretion correlated with calcium-magnesium-ATPase activity (r = 0.46, P less than 0.001). Erythrocyte calcium-magnesium-ATPase activity remained unchanged in eight subjects studied after four months on a low-calcium diet. A study of 30 healthy families found significant correlations between mean values in parents and those in offspring for calcium-magnesium-ATPase (r = 0.68, P less than 0.001) and urinary calcium excretion (r = 0.45, P less than 0.02), with no significant correlations between parents with respect to these measures (r = 0.27 and r = 0.08, respectively). We conclude that abnormalities in erythrocyte calcium-magnesium-ATPase activity may represent an inherited defect in calcium transport related to the cause of idiopathic hypercalciuria.
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PMID:Abnormal red-cell calcium pump in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. 297 Nov 39

Seventy-nine stone-formers underwent a metabolic investigation and ABO blood group determination. Incidence of blood groups in patients was similar to ABO phenotypes distribution in general population. The 37.7 p. 100 showed family history for stones. Idiopathic hypercalciuria was present in 40.3 p. 100 of cases; stone-formers with positive family history had a higher incidence of hypercalciuria (46.8 p. 100) than subjects without affected relatives (31.5 p. 100). Patients with blood group A displayed hypercalciuria in the 54.5 p. 100 of cases while subjects with blood group O only in the 30.7 p. 100 (p less than 0.05). Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were reduced in the 36.9 p. 100 of the whole group and particularly in patients of blood group A. Patients with blood group A, with positive family history, showed higher mean values of calcium excretion and lower ones of GAGs. Our results seem to suggest that not only familiar factors play a significant role in stone disease pathogenesis but also some metabolic alteration may be linked to ABO phenotypes.
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PMID:Idiopathic calcium urolithiasis: genetic aspects. 376 83


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