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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the course of tumor metastases into bones, the process of resorption is intensified both as a result of direct influence of tumor cells on normal bone cells, and as a result of bone cell stimulation by cytokines and growth factors, which leads to pathological remodeling of osseous tissue and, in majority of cases, to the development of systemic hypercalcemia. Clinical observations and in vitro research show that also cytostatic drugs may disturb remodeling of bone tissue and cause osteopenia, mostly as a result of their direct effect on osteoblasts. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo the effect of etoposide on the processes of bone tissue remodeling in rats by assessing macrometric and histomorphometric parameters, as well as mechanical properties of the femur. The tests were carried out on male Wistar rats of initial body mass between 280-310 g, which were divided into three groups (n = 8): I--control group of rats, which were given 0.9% NaCl solution every 7 days (C group), II--rats which were administered etoposide at the dose of 25 mg/kg p.o. every 7 days (E-25 group), III--rats which were given etoposide at one dose of 50 mg/kg i.v. (E-50 group). The experiment lasted 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were killed by spinal cord displacement and the following values were determined: the mass, mineral and calcium content in the tested bones, length and diameter of long bones, transverse cross-section surface of tibial cortical bone and marrow cavity, transverse growth of the tibia and width of periosteal and endosteal osteoid in the tibia, as well as the width of osseous trabeculae, the width of epiphysial cartilage and mechanical properties of the femur. The tests showed that etoposide administered every 7 days at the dose of 25 mg/kg p.o. or at one dose of 50 mg/kg i.v. over the period of 28 days, disturbed osseous tissue remodeling processes in rats as a result of impeding the process of bone formation, which led to the impairment of the process of mineralization, weakening mechanical endurance of the femur, and to the development of osteopenia.
Pol J Pharmacol
PMID:Effect of etoposide on the processes of osseous tissue remodeling in rats. 1521 63

Hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy or due to autoimmune process is the most common cause of hypocalcaemia. If untreated, maternal hypocalcaemia may stimulate fetal parathyroids which results in bone demineralization. Calcium supplementation may also reduce the risk of hypertension. Moreover, hypocalcaemia may inhibit the synthesis of calcium gene-related peptide (CGRP), which, in turn, decreases blood pressure and uterus contractions. In women of reproductive age hypercalcaemia is mostly due to hyperparathyroidism. The complications include toxemia, vomiting, and hypercalcaemic crisis. Maternal hypercalcaemia can suppress fetal parathyroid function and cause neonatal hypocalcaemia. The pharmacotherapy involves diuretics, fluids and oral phosphates. Bisphosphonates are contraindicated. Parathyroid surgery may be performed in the second trimester of pregnancy.
Ginekol Pol 2005 Mar
PMID:[Disorders of calcium metabolism during pregnancy and breast feeding]. 1601 45

The common feature of both primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism despite differences in their etiopathogenesis is excess parathormone (PTH) secretion. Calcium sensing receptor (CaR) belongs to G-protein coupled receptors superfamily and plays central role in the regulation of PTH secretion. Mutations in receptor's gene lead to PTH suppression set-point shift into higher (familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcemia) or lower Ca2+ levels (familial hypercalciuric hypocalcemia). Calcimimetics are a new class of drugs which increase the CaR response to agonist binding by allosteric conformation modification. First generation calcimimetics: NPS R-467 and NPS R-568 revealed their effectiveness in PTH suppression in experimental animal model. Short-term trials with NPS R-568 used in people with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism confirmed significant PTH suppression. In further clinical trials a second generation calcimimetic: AMG 073 was used. AMG 073 intake was related to decrease of serum PTH and phosphorus concentrations and Ca x P product suppression with low number of hypocalcemia or other side effects. In the future calcimimetics could be an alternative to vitamin D active metabolites or analogs treatment and to surgical procedures.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005 May
PMID:[Calcimimetics--a new treatment for hyperparathyroidism?]. 1616 61

Hypercalcemia is one of the most common paraneoplastic syndromes, where it may result from the presence of osteolytic metastases or from humoral effect of factors produced by tumor cells. One of such factors is the parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP). This protein is usually produced by solid tumors, especially by squamous cell carcinomas. In the case of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin hypercalcemia is very rare and symptomatic hypercalcemia is unusual. We present a case of acute hypercalcemic crisis as a consequence of overproduction of PTH-rP in a patient with spinocellular squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, which was proved by immunohistochemical staining of the tissue samples from the neoplastic lesion, metastases in bone and in lung, and also from kidney and liver.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005 Dec
PMID:[Acute hypercalcaemic crisis in the course of PTH-rP producing squamous cell carcinoma of the skin--a case report]. 1652 24

Transient character of laboratory abnormalities is usually explained as a false result of estimation. Spontaneous disappearance of laboratory abnormalities could be recognized as non-important and contradicting serious disease. Presented case of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) denies these assumptions. Sixty-nine-years old woma was admitted to the internal department because of weakness, fever, dehydration and hypotension--symptom accompanying an upper respiratory infection. Moderate hyponatremia (122.6 mmol/l) was found in a routine laborator examination. All clinical symptoms as well as hyponatremia disappeared during hospitalization. Transient hyponatremi was not ignored. Further laboratory and hormonal investigations were performed. Fasting, morning serum cortisol concentration and 24-hours urinary excretion of free corticosterids were decreased and Synacten stimulation test reveale incomplete cortisol stimulation. Pituitary tumour was found in the CT scan. Moreover blood ionized calcium an parathyroid hormone were elevated. These results revealed secondary adrenal insufficiency, non-functioning pituitary tumor and hyperparathyroidism. Removal of pituitary adenoma was done. Asymptomatic hypercalcemia persists. Presented MEN 1 was atypical because: 1. Usually hyperparathyroidism is the first and most frequent symptom while in our patient the first symptom was transient hyponatremia secondary to the pituitary tumor, 2. was diagnosed in the old age while the majority of MEN 1 patients are younger, 3. asymptomatic course of hypercalcemia indicates that in some of elder patients removal of the parathyroid glands might not be necessary.
Pol Arch Med Wewn 2005 Aug
PMID:[Transient hyponatremia the first symptome of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)--case report]. 1680 15

We present case report of primary hyperparathyroidism treated surgically as well as a review of literature concerning this subject. The disease of not well known etiology presents with elevated parathormon levels and hypercalcemia. Primary hyperparathyroidism which states 85% percent of all kinds of hyperparathyroidism is usually parathyroid adenoma, in 11-15% glandular hyperplasia and in 1-4% parathyroid cancer. Clinical symptoms are muscle weakness and fatigue, nephrolithiasis, occasionally peptic ulcers, pancreatitis, hypertension. Laboratory test reveal increased level of PTH, hypercalcemia, elevated alkaline phosphatase levels and decreased phosphorus levels. Diagnostic imaging techniques such as ultrasonography, MRI or CT have sensitivity about 52-75%. Highest sensitivity in localization of ectopic parathyroid adenoma has sestamibi scintigraphy with technetium-99. Skeleton x-rays show typical changes in distal parts of bones and osteopenia. Treatment of choice is surgical excision of adenoma. Normalization of PTH and calcium levels after surgery and improvement of renal, musculoskeletal and circulatory system function could be achieved in 95%. Most common complications are recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hypo- or hyperparathyroidism, bleeding or stridor.
Otolaryngol Pol 2006
PMID:[Primary hyperparathyroidism--case report and review of the literature]. 1682 51

Adrenal carcinoma is a malignant disease that often results in distant metastases to different organs, including the lungs. While diagnosing patients with suspected adrenal carcinoma, metastases to the lungs should always be considered. The opposite clinical situation also should be considered, i.e. lung cancer metastases to the adrenal gland. Both conditions may have a very similar course and their differential diagnosis may be sometimes very difficult. However, proper diagnosis is of great importance because both diseases are treated by different means. We present a case of a 50-year-old female patient with a small primary focus of non-small cell lung carcinoma and its large metastasis to the left adrenal gland, accompanied by SIADH and paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. In the presented case adrenal carcinoma and its lung metastasis were primarily misdiagnosed which led to unnecessary laparotomy. The proper diagnosis was enabled by CT guided biopsy of the lung tumor.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2005 Feb
PMID:[Non-small cell lung cancer presenting under the mask of a primary adrenal cancer--case report]. 1787 34

Parathyroid carcinoma is a rare endocrine tumour accounting for only about one of every hundred cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. The aetiology of this cancer remains obscure but the recent studies have identified that some gene mutations may be involved in its pathogenesis. Most patients with parathyroid carcinoma suffer from symptoms related to marked hypercalcemia; the incidence of associated renal, bone, gastrointestinal, neuromuscular and psychological symptoms is much more frequent than in those with benign parathyroid adenomas. The course of patients with parathyroid carcinoma is variable. However, in more than 50% cases, patients experience persistent or recurrent disease due to regional or distant disease. The treatment of parathyroid malignancy is predominantly surgical, comprising an initial en bloc resection of the tumour and adjacent neck structures. Several studies have suggested the usefulness of pharmacotherapy in the palliative treatment of the debilitating symptoms of hypercalcemia. The aim of this paper is to summarise the present state of knowledge on the aetiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid carcinoma.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2007 Aug
PMID:[Parathyroid carcinoma]. 1804 48

Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is a clinical state of excessive parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. The clinical profile of PHPT depends on duration of disease, PTH concentration, hypercalcemia and coexisting disorders. The symptoms associated with PHPT are neither typical nor specific. Asymptomatic PHPT is often diagnosed accidentally, based on laboratory results. The article presents case of 31-year old woman with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 4, persistent hypercalcemia, hypophosfataemia. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism (THPT) is most often situation when these disturbances occur but in this clinical situation CKD and PHPT is more likely. Paraendocrynopathy is also taken into consideration. Diagnostic methods estimate serum concentration of calcium and phosphate on each stage of CKD allowed to exclude THPT. Cinacalcet treatment followed by parathyroid surgery reduced serum calcium concentration.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2009 Dec
PMID:[Patient with chronic kidney disease and primary or tertiary hyperparathyroidism--case report]. 2012 Jul 13

Abnormal mineral metabolism and altered bone structure and composition occur early in the course of chronic kidney disease. We present difficulties in renal osteodystrophy treatment in patient undergoing renal replacement therapy for twenty two years (dialysis, transplant, dialysis), which is not in the waiting list for kidney transplant (patient disagreement). Due to failure of conventional therapy of hyperparathyroidism (calcium, phosphate binders, vitamin D) he was needed parathyroidectomy twice. Now he presents a very low PTH level but hyperphosphatemia, hypercalcemia and calcium/phosphate product over upper limit. This disturbances led to extra skeletal calcification (skin, vessels, eyes - "red eyes syndrome", central nervous system). Even now having new phosphate binders we cannot keep plasma phosphate, calcium in normal range, probably due to inadequate diet and non-compliance. Effective therapy is still difficult in this patient.
Pol Merkur Lekarski 2010 Jan
PMID:[Difficulties in renal osteodystrophy treatment in patient undergoing long-term renal replacement therapy--a case study]. 2036 25


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