Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metabolic disturbances of Na, K, Ca and glucose as paraneoplastic syndrome were reviewed on the basis of recent progress of such areas. These abnormalities usually occur due to the production of hormones or other physiologically active substances by tumor tissues. Hyponatremia is the most common abnormality of Na metabolism in patients with cancers such as lung cancer, malignant lymphoma, thymoma and so on. Usual cause of hyponatremia as paraneoplastic syndrome is inadequate secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), which brings dilution hyponatremia associated with water intoxication. Recently hyponatremia due to abnormal secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide has been noted. Ca metabolism disturbance associated with cancer is usually observed as hypercalcemia and it is said that such hypercalcemia is seen in about 10% of cancer patients. Main cause of hypercalcemia associated with cancer is local osteolytic hypercalcemia (LOH) due to bone metastasis or humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM). The most common etiology of HHM is the production of Parathormone (PTH) related peptide (PTH-rP) massively secreted from cancer tissues. PTH-rP has been recently well investigated and its molecular, mRNA and gene structure have been already determined. The progress of this area is very rapid and PTH-rP will be assayed in the clinical laboratory in near future. As for glucose metabolism disturbance as paraneoplastic syndrome, hypoglycemia is the most common abnormality. This type of hypoglycemia has been noted in relation with excessive production of somatomedin.
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PMID:[Metabolic disturbance as paraneoplastic syndrome]. 182 8

One of the strains of the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma induces in the rat a humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) syndrome which is similar to that reported in human patients. We have isolated from this tumour a chromatographic fraction which displays an adenylate cyclase stimulating activity in dog kidney cortical membranes, similar to that of a parathormone (PTH) related protein isolated from various HHM related tumours. In addition, this fraction stimulated initial calcium (Ca) uptake in confluent Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell monolayers in a dose-dependent manner. Maximal stimulation of Ca uptake was associated with an enhanced Ca efflux from MDCK cells preloaded with the cation, and with an increased DNA synthesis in these cells. These activities might be involved in development of increased tubular calcium reabsorption in Walker 256 tumour-bearing rats.
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PMID:Co-purification of calcium transport-stimulating and DNA synthesis-stimulating agents with parathormone-like activity isolated from the hypercalcaemic strain of the Walker 256 tumour. 183 87

The case history of a 65 year old female patient has been reported here by the authors. The patient was admitted to the Intensive Therapy Unit owing to her repeated heart pain. Later she was transferred to the Department of Medicine to establish the exact diagnosis. Prepyloric ulcer and hypertension were occurred in her history. The symptoms of her preceding as well as her recent illness were: pain in epigastric field, nausea, adynamia, weakness, polyuria, significant loss of weight, somnolence and the shortened Q--T time in electrocardiogram related to hypercalcemia syndrome. The calcium value in blood proved to be at critically high level from time to time. The possibility of the secondary hypercalcemic state was excluded by sonographic examination and the elevated level of parathormone in blood established the diagnosis of the hyperparathyroidism. The surgical resection of parathyroidic adenoma yielded a complete recovery of the patient. The authors call the attention to the significance of the clinical signs in the diagnosis of the disease.
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PMID:[Hyperparathyroidism simulating severe hypercalcemia syndrome]. 186 40

We report the reference values for intact parathyrin (PTH) measured by a two-site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) during childhood. The study has been carried out in 215 healthy children and adolescents, ages 2.0 to 18.7 years. Some patients with altered mineral homeostasis were also studied to assess the sensitivity of the method in a clinical setting. Mean intact PTH concentrations were 30.8 (SD 9.6) ng/L; the median was 28.5 ng/L. Normal reference values were 16.0-59.0 ng/L (95% confidence interval). The distribution of intact PTH values was nongaussian. We found no significant variations between males and females and no age-related variations. The IRMA used was sufficiently sensitive to detect differences in PTH concentrations between healthy children and patients with hypocalcemia or hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Determination of intact parathyrin by immunoradiometric assay evaluated in normal children and in patients with various disorders of calcium metabolism. 193 78

About 7% of patients with calcium urolithiasis suffer from primary hyperparathyroidism. A systematic search for this diagnosis is therefore mandatory in such patients. Because hypercalcemia is often discrete or intermittent, determinations of calcium levels should be repeated at least thrice. Measurement of ionized calcium levels improves the detection of hypercalcemia. The biological diagnosis is based on the presence of hypercalcemia together with an increased plasma level of 1-84 intact parathormone (PTH). A PTH value still in the normal range but inappropriately elevated in the context of hypercalcemia could be sufficient for the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism.
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PMID:[Should the parathyroid function be evaluated in a patient with calcium kidney stones? If so, when and why?]. 194 59

Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia associated with adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium is described. This is the first reported case of a gynecologic cancer in which the paraneoplastic syndrome has been conclusively shown by immunohistochemical analysis to be due to ectopic parathormone.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic hypercalcemia associated with adenosquamous carcinoma of the endometrium. 198 23

Parathyrin (parathyroid hormone; PTH) was measured with three immunoassays: a two-site immunochemiluminometric (ICMA) and a two-site immunoradiometric (IRMA) method for intact PTH, and a sensitive radioimmunoassay for mid-region or "total" PTH, measuring both intact hormone and inactive fragments. Single specimens from normal subjects and from individuals with primary hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia associated with malignancy, and hypoparathyroidism were analyzed with all three methods. All individuals with primary hyperparathyroidism showed absolutely above-normal concentrations with the mid-region RIA, 28 of 29 did with the ICMA, and 21 of 29 did with the IRMA. PTH concentrations in primary hyperparathyroidism were most increased relative to normal subjects with the mid-region assay (10.4 times), less so with the intact assays (ICMA 5.5 times; IRMA 5.3 times). Concentrations of intact PTH were suppressed below normal in nearly all patients with hypercalcemia associated with malignancy, as measured with the ICMA (26 of 30) and the IRMA (28 of 30) assays. In marked contrast, results for mid-region PTH were normal or slightly above normal, consistent with studies suggesting that the parathyroids secrete both intact hormone and inactive fragments, the former being more sensitive to suppression by hypercalcemia. In hypoparathyroidism PTH concentrations were detectable but below normal in all patients by the intact assays and in all but one patient by the mid-region assay. These low concentrations are probably due to a nonspecific serum effect that could be resolved with selection of a more appropriate standard matrix. Although all three assays are useful in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia, two-site intact assays are more convenient and more specific in patients with compromised renal function.
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PMID:Immunochemiluminometric and immunoradiometric determinations of intact and total immunoreactive parathyrin: performance in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia and hypoparathyroidism. 199 16

This two-site immunoradiometric assay for human parathyrin-related protein 1-86 (PTHRP1-86) in plasma uses a mouse monoclonal antibody to PTHRP1-34 coupled to cellulose particles for immunoextraction of N-terminal immunoreactivity, and a rabbit antiserum to PTHRP37-67 that is indirectly labeled with 125I-labeled PTHRP37-67 for quantifying the bound analyte. The detection limit of the assay is 0.23 pmol/L, corresponding to 0.4 pg (0.04 fmol) per tube, for a sample volume of 200 microL. Recovery of PTHRP1-86 added to serum is essentially quantitative, and within- and between-batch precision is 4.4% and 11.1%, respectively. PTH1-84, PTHRP18-34, PTHRP9-34, PTHRP1-34, and PTHRP37-67 do not cross-react in the assay at concentrations up to 2 nmol/L. Plasma concentrations of PTHRP1-86 were below or close to the detection limit of the assay in normal subjects and in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, and normocalcemic malignancy. In 37 hypercalcemic patients with various malignancies, we found detectable PTHRP1-86 concentrations in 35 (95%, mean 7.4 pmol/L, range 0.46-24.7). The data support the proposed humoral role of PTHRP in cancer-associated hypercalcemia and suggest that the assay has clinical utility in the differential diagnosis of hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Development and validation of an immunoradiometric assay of parathyrin-related protein in unextracted plasma. 203 20

A 57-year-old man with a history of tuberculosis (TB of the knee-joint 44 years ago and open pulmonary TB six months ago with poor patient drug compliance) had lost 10 kg in weight during the preceding six months. In addition, firm lymph-node swellings with redness of the overlying skin and a skin fistula developed on the right side of the neck. There was mild hypercalcaemia (albumin-corrected serum calcium concentration 2.59 mmol/l) and hyperphosphataemia (2.0 mmol/l) with low-normal serum concentrations of parathormone and of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (14 ng/ml). Serum 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 concentration was reduced (16 ng/l). The activity of osseous isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase was normal (19 U/l) and skeletal scintigraphy revealed no abnormality. The cervical lymph-nodes were excised (histology: active caseous lymph-node TB). Tuberculostatic treatment was begun with daily doses of 0.3 g isoniazid, 0.45 g rifampicin, 1.2 g ethambutol and 1.5 g pyrazinamide. Serum calcium concentration rose to 3.22 mmol/l (albumin-corrected) in the first two weeks, even though the patient was on a low-calcium diet. The various concentrations subsequently decreased, but remained slightly elevated throughout the period of observation (11 weeks). This is thus a case of TB-associated hypercalcaemia which was not caused by 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 or bone destruction.
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PMID:[Hypercalcemia in florid pulmonary and cervical lymph node tuberculosis]. 204 Feb 9

The authors report four cases of hypercalcemia occurring during the course of carcinoma of the prostate. This association is rare (less than twenty published cases) though not exceptional, carcinoma of the prostate accounting for almost 4 per cent of causes of malignant hypercalcemia. This generally involves advanced and metastatic forms, at the terminal phase, but cases of regression after hormone therapy have been reported. The histological type of the tumour is unusual in one case in two (anaplastic or carcinoid). The mechanism of this hypercalcemia is humoral, probably by secretion of a parathormone-like peptide, but which has not yet been fully elucidated.
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PMID:[Hypercalcemia in cancers of the prostate. Apropos of 4 cases]. 205 91


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