Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPTH-II) in dialysis patients and hypercalcemia in patients with parathyroid carcinoma. Calcimimetics are a new class of drugs approved in the European Community and the United States by the Food and Drug Administration that were designed to suppress parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels with a simultaneous reduction in serum calcium and phosphorus levels, and calcium phosphorus product (Ca x P). Hypocalcemia is a frequent finding during the correction phase of the HPTH-II with calcimimetics. By contrast, the appearance of a hypercalcemia has yet to be described. In this paper, we report a case of severe hypercalcemia of immobilization in a 40-year-old hemodialyzed woman treated by cinacalcet HCl for a severe HPTH-II (PTH>1,000 pg/mL). A kidney transplantation recipient 1983 to 1995, she was diagnosed with Charcot-Marie Tooth disease in 1991. She had multiple orthopedic interventions for kidney-related osteoarticular problems probably favored by the kidney graft and the immunosuppressive treatment. While she was receiving the maximum dose of 180 mg/day of cinacalcet HCl and PTH at 443 pg/mL, she needed to be hospitalized for a right hip prothesis. Two weeks after the intervention she developed a symptomatic hypercalcemia of 3.57 mmol/L which was resistant to several measures including lowering the calcium concentration in the dialysate, withdrawing all vitamin D and calcium supplementation and the administration of calcitonin. Her serum calcium level was finally stabilized in the 2.37-2.95 mmol/L by administration of a single intravenous dose of pamidronate. This observation illustrates that the pharmacological activation of the parathyroid CaR and other putative CaR on bone cells by calcimimetics did not protect against the occurrence of hypercalcemia of immobilization favored by a severe HPTH-II in a hemodialysis patient.
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PMID:Looking at calcimimetics impact on hypercalcemia of immobilization: hypotheses and a case study. 1644 24

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) leads not only to bone disorders, but also to cardiovascular complications in long-term dialysis patients. Conventional treatment with calcium (Ca) supplement, phosphate (P) binders and active vitamin D analogs lead in part to amelioration of SHPT, but are simultaneously associated with unacceptable side-effects, including hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased Ca x P products, which are the risk factors for cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients. Conventional treatment has been unable to facilitate the attainment of optimal management of SHPT proposed in the K/DOQI guidelines. Cinacalcet HCl (cinacalcet), a novel calcimimetic compound, restores the sensitivity of the Ca-sensing receptor in parathyroid cells, and decreases serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) without introducing hypercalcemia or hyperphosphatemia. Cinacalcet treatment enables a significant number of patients to achieve the K/DOQI guideline. Based on experimental data, calcimimetics could ameliorate cardiovascular calcification and remodeling in uremic rats with SHPT. Clinical trials have shown that cinacalcet significantly reduced the risks of parathyroidectomy, fracture and cardiovascular hospitalization among long-term dialysis patients with SHPT. Parathyroid intervention therapy (parathyroidectomy and percutaneous direct injection) is also a useful alternative. In the present article, we review novel therapeutic strategies for SHPT.
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PMID:Therapeutic strategies for secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients. 1691 Nov 89

Hyperphosphatemia is considered as an independent risk factor for surrogate clinical endpoints like vascular calcification (VC) and bone disease, or hard clinical outcomes like cardiovascular events. To date, various treatment options for phosphate removal or reduction are available. The great expectations put into calcium-based phosphate binders were mitigated because of their possible contribution to progressive VC, particularly in patients treated simultaneously with active vitamin D derivatives. Thus, a paradigm change occurred whereby the main clinical concern shifted from the avoidance of hypocalcemia to that of the consequences of inducting a positive calcium balance. Sevelamer-HCl treatment allowed a comparable control of hyperphosphatemia with a lower risk of hypercalcemia than calcium-based phosphate binders, and a slower progression of VC; however, convincing evidence of improved clinical outcomes in dialysis patients is lacking. Although data on the safety and efficacy of lanthanum carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia have been provided in long-term clinical studies, there is still an ongoing scientific debate about its possible long-term toxicity. Moreover, there are no data from randomized clinical trials demonstrating beneficial effects of La carbonate treatment on VC or cardiovascular outcomes. In the absence of convincing clinical trials testing the effects of non-metal-based phosphate binders on cardiovascular and global outcomes it appears reasonable to maintain bone health and mineral homeostasis by mainly relying on adaptations of standard therapies. Noncalcium, non-aluminum-based binders might be reserved for patients with major mineral metabolism abnormalities and a high risk of VC.
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PMID:Phosphate metabolism in chronic kidney disease: from pathophysiology to clinical management. 1970 81

Although parathyroidectomy remains the only curative approach to most primary hyperparathyroidism cases, medical treatment with cinacalcet HCl has been proven to be a reasonable alternative for several patient subgroups. Cinacalcet almost always controls hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia sufficiently. PTH levels are lowered, and cognitive parameters improve. While an increase in bone mineral density DEXA scan scores was not demonstrated in cinacalcet trials, the same applies to more than half of patients after parathyroidectomy. Medical therapy should be first choice in patients with hyperplasia in all glands rather than an isolated adenoma (10-15%), patients with persisting HPT following unsuccessful surgery or inoperable cases due to comorbidities, and patients detected in lab screens for hypercalcemia before developing symptoms who should be treated early but are usually reluctant to undergo surgery. Nephrolithiasis was not found to occur more frequently in cinacalcet trial groups, but urine calcium excretion as one major risk factor of this complication of primary HPT may increase on cinacalcet. Patients carrying the rs1042636 polymorphism of the calcium-sensing receptor gene respond more sensitively to cinacalcet and have a higher risk of calcium stone formation. Cinacalcet is usually administered twice daily but three or four doses per day should be discussed to mimic the beneficial pulsatile PTH-pattern.
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PMID:Cinacalcet treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism. 2146 94

Induction of Cinacalcet HCl (cinacalcet) has influenced treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in Japan. The number of parathyroidectomy (PTx) for SHPT has remarkably decreased. Fundamentally patients with advanced SHPT refractory to medical treatment including cinacalcet should require PTx. PTx can release SHPT most dramatically. Because in Japan, many hemodialysis patients are expected for long-term survival, we should decide the indication of PTx concerning long-term treatment and economical aspect. We recommend PTx for patients who are expected for long term survival and SHPT is resistant to vitamin D activators, patients with severe symptoms of SHPT, patients with SHPT resistant to cinacalcet, patients with hypercalcemia and/or hyperphosphatemia resistant to medical treatment, and patients who cannot tolerate to side effect of cinacalcet. Some patients with advanced SHPT which is not controlled by surgical treatment should require cinacalcet therapy as rescuing treatment before operation.
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PMID:[Kidney and bone update : the 5-year history and future of CKD-MBD. Parathyroidectomy for secondary hyperparathyroidism]. 2275 Sep 41


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