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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A radioimmunoassay of human calcitonin (HCT) has been developed, employing antibodies formed in response to a HCT-bovine gamma globulin conjugate. The assay is sensitive (lower limits of detection 30 pg/ml serum), reproducible, and specific for intact HCT and carboxyl-terminal fragments of HCT. Serum HCT was detected in 76% of 63 normal subjects (mean +/- S.E.M. = 72 +/- 7 pg/ml), and was increased in cord sera, as well as sera from patients with chronic renal disease and medullary thyroid cancer. Increased levels were observed during calcium infusion into normal subjects, but not in sera from pregnant women or subjects with chronic hypercalcemia. No significant correlation was observed between serum ionized calcium and HCT in sera from 147 hospitalized patients. These findings suggest the usefulness of this assay for further studies of conditions affecting calcitonin homeostasis.
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PMID:Human calcitonin radioimmunoassay: characterization and application. 88 68

Prostaglandin E2 was infused into thoracic aorta of thyroparathyroidectomized (TPTX) and intact rats. Circulating calcium increased significantly in the TPTX group by 30 minutes and reached an increment of 1.5 +/- 0.21 mg/dl (x +/- SE, p less than .001) by 90 minutes. No calcium increments were observed in the intact rats. It is postulated that prior failures to demonstrate hypercalcemia during PGE2 infusion may have been due to calcitonin counterregulation.
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PMID:Hypercalcemia induced by prostaglandin E2 in thyroparathyroidectomized but not intact rats. 88 2

We measured plasma calcitonin concentrations in healthy volunteers (20 men, ages 23-45 yr, mean, 30 yr; 25 women, ages 21-46 yr, mean, 30 yr) with a radioimmunoassay capable of detecting 5 pg of calcitonin/500 mul incubation volume, or 25 pg/ml of unextracted plasma. All subjects had 4-h calcium infusion (15 mg Ca/kg), and 24 subjects had intravenous pentagastrin injection (0.5 mug/kg) on separate days. Men had higher basal plasma immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations than women (P < 0.001): mean, 49 pg/ml (range, <25-73) and 31 pg/ml (range, <25-51), respectively. 18 of the 20 men (90%) responded to induced hypercalcemia with increases in plasma immunoreactive calcitonin; only 14 of the 25 women (56%) responded. In men, the mean increase of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin+/-SE was 58+/-9 pg/ml, but for women was only 25+/-6 pg/ml. 8 of 10 men (80%) responded to pentagastrin with an increase of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin >30 pg/ml, compared with such a response in only 1 of 14 women (7%). These differences of plasma immunoreactive calcitonin responses between the sexes were statistically significant (calcium infusion, P < 0.02; pentagastrin, P < 0.001). The physiologic importance of these observations is unknown, but we speculate that a lifelong, relative deficiency of calcitonin in some women could play a role in age- and sex-related bone loss, particularly during the estrogen-deficient postmenopausal years.
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PMID:Plasma calcitonin in normal man. Differences between men and women. 90 56

The degranulation of the C cells, their hypertrophy and hyperplasia leading to the formation adenoma-like nodules were observed under conditions of prolonged hypervitaminosis A which causes bone damage without associated hypercalcemia. These changes which are probably the morphologic manifestation of the increased requirement of the body for calcitonin, connected with the damage of the bone tissue seem to indicate that calcitonin is an important factor essential for the protection of skeleton from its excessive mineralization.
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PMID:Ultrastructure of the C cells forming adenoma-like nodules of the thyroid in experimental hypervitaminosis A. 91 95

Effects of NaF, CaCl2, NaCl and mammalian calcitonin on the histology of ultimo-branchial (UTB) and corpuscle of Stannius (CS) and plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus in the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis are recorded. Administration of NaF, NaCl, and mammalian calcitonin resulted in varying degree of hypolcalcaemia and hyperphosphataemia, whereas hypercalcaemia and hypophosphataemia developed during CaCl2 treatment. These treatments also produced various histological changes in UTB and CS. It is suggested that CS and UTB are involved in metabolisms of Ca and P, and in osmoregulation. Moreover, it is an important hypocalcaemic mechanism in this fish in combating hypercalcaemia.
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PMID:Role of ultimobranchial body and corpuscle of Stannius in regulation of the plasma calcium and phosphorus levels in the teleost Heteropneustes fossilis. 103 54

Serum calcium, serum immunoreactive parathyroid hormone (PTH), and plasma immunoreactive calcitonin were measured in 12 patients with catecholamine-secreting tumors. Only two patients had high serum calcium and immunoreactive PTH concentrations (one also had high basal immunoreactive calcitonin); in both, the hypercalcemia persisted after removal of their pheochromocytomas but was corrected by removal of hyperplastic parathyroid glands and medullary thyroid carcinomas. Of the 10 patients with normal serum calcium and immunoreactive PTH concentrations, 2 had high immunoreactive calcitonin concentrations and medullary thyroid carcinomas alone were found. Our results suggest that [1] hypercalcemia occurs infrequently in patients with pheochromocytoma, [2] chronic circulating catecholamine excess does not cause increased immunoreactive PTH or immunoreactive calcitonin secretion in patients with pheochromocytoma, and [3] the parathyroid disease in patients with pheochromocytoma is a genetically determined component of multiple endocrine neoplasia.
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PMID:Parathyroid function in patients with pheochromocytoma. 111 71

1. Three members of a kindred and a fourth unrelated individual demonstrating the syndrome of mucosal neuroma, bumpy lips, marfanoid habitus, medullary thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are reported, and the literature pertaining to this syndrome has been reviewed. 2. There are currently 41 definite and 16 additional probable reported cases manifesting the syndrome of mucosal neuroma, bumpy lips, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma. Mucosal neuroma was present in all patients. Medullary thyroid carcinoma was histologically proved in 38 cases. Pheochromocytoma was documented in 19 patients with a probable diagnois in another 4 patients. Only one patient was noted to have hypercalcemia associated with parathyroid adenoma. Associated abnormalities seen in this syndrome include hypertrophied corneal nerves, skeletal defects and gastrointestinal tract abnormalities. 3. The relationship of this syndrome to other types of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and the phakomatoses is also discussed. This syndrome appears to be distinct from the entity of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. We suggest that this syndrome be called multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3, following the classification originally proposed by Steiner et al. 4. MEN type 3 appears to be inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. Many apparently non-familial cases have been reported, but due to inadequate information regarding family history it may be possible that some of these cases also had other affected family members. 5. This syndrome most likely results from a dysplasia of neuroectodermal tissue. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed and evidence supporting the hypothesis is reviewed. 6. The importance of diagnosing the syndrome at an early stage and of investigating the relatives of a patient manifesting this potentially fatal syndrome are stressed. 7. Plasma calcitonin measurement following calcium infusion is extremely useful as a screening procedure for the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, when the patients are completely asymptomatic and routine thyroid function tests are normal. Affected individuals should also be periodically screened for the development of pheochromocytoma.
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PMID:Mucosal neuroma, pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid carcinoma: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 3. 111 36

The rise in serum calcitonin (delta-CT240 min) has been measured during hypercalcemia induced by i.v. infusion of calcium gluconate. This calcium infusion test was used in a prospective screening for medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT) in 4 families with Sipple's syndrome as well as in 3 sporadic cases of MCT. In 16 normal controls delta-CT240 was minus 0.2-+ 0.5 ng/ml (mean plus or minus 2 S.D.). Delta-CT240 was normal in 2 patients with chronic hypocalcemia. In all 14 MCT patients delta-CT240 was markedly higher (min-max 2.2-630 ng/ml), i.e. no false negatives were found. However, in these cases, the diagnosis was already evident from basal serum calcitonin (S-CT), which up to now has been our most sensitive diagnostic technique for MCT. 19 first-degree relatives of patients with Sipple's syndrome presented no signs of MCT. In 14 of these delta-CT240 was normal ("healthy relatives"), but in 5 it was slightly elevated, intermediate between the controls and the MCT patients. These 5 borderline cases were more sharply delineated from normal by delta-CT240 than by S-CT. Thus our calcium infusion test seems to be the most sensitive method for early diagnosis of occult MCT. We recommend the calcium infusion test for: (a) screening for MCT in all Sipple relatives with normal or only slightly elevated basal S-CT, (b) postoperative control in both sporadic and hereditary MCT, (c) investigation of supposed non-MCT tumours with calcitonin production.
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PMID:Serum calcitonin response to induced hypercalcemia. 114 15

Parathyroid (PT) glands from 20-day-old embryonic chicks cultured in a chemically defined medium secreted a stimulator of in vitro bone resorption. This stimulator was presumed to be parathyroid hormone (PTH) because: 1) the in vitro dose response curve was parallel to that obtained with bovine PTH; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-1-- chromatography at a position similar to that for PTH; and 3) the material produced hypercalcemia in vivo in chicks. The amount of PTH-activity secreted was inversely proportional to the calcium concentration of the medium over the range of 0.75-2.25 mM. The chick PT glands also secreted an inhibitor of PTH-stimulated bone resorption in vitro. This inhibitor was presumed to be calcitonin (CT) because: 1) the in vitro dose-response curve was parallel to that obtained with synthetic salmon CT; 2) the activity was eluted on Sephadex G-50 chromatography at a position similar to that for salmon CT; and 3) the material produced hypocalcemia in vivo in rats. In contrast to what would be expected for CT secretion, the CT-activity was secreted by the PT glands in response to a low, not high calcium concentration. The data suggest that the secretion of avian PTH is similar to that of the mammalian hormone, and that the ultimobranchialectomized chick with an intact parathyroid gland may not be deficient in CT.
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PMID:Avian parathyroid glands in organ culture: secretion of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. 116 99

Porcine or salmon calcitonin was given, as emergency treatment for 17 patients with hypercalcaemia, mostly of a severe degree. A lowering of serum calcium was achieved in all of 11 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism and in another 4 with malignancies. In most of the patients, the lowering of serum calcium level was accompanied by a pronounced clinical amelioration. This made possible successful parathyroidectomy without complications in the patients with primary hyperparathyroidism. In all patients except one, a decrease in serum creatinine was observed during treatment. Creatinine clearance was studied during calcitonin treatment in 2 patients and showed an increase. Calcitonin was ineffective in 2 of the patients with hypercalcaemia: one with plasmacell sarcoma of the lungs and another one with sarcoidosis. No serious side-effects were observed. Due to its quick action and lack of toxic effects, calcitonin is recommended when a prompt reduction of serum calcium is of vital importance.
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PMID:Acute treatment with calcitonin in primary hyperparathyroidism and severe hypercalcaemia of other origin. 117 65


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