Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Description of a 69-year old male patient presenting calcified vesical tumour which, following a pathoanatomical study was shown to be an non-differentiated oat cell carcinoma associated to transitional carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Biochemically it presented hypercalcemia and hypophosphoremia and the electron microscope study demonstrated the presence of neurosecretion granules. The immunohistochemical techniques were negative for protein S-100 and cytokeratins, but positive for the membrane epithelial antigen and the neuro-specific enolase. The patient was treated by transurethral resection and polychemotherapy, presenting an initially favourable response but dying 18 months later after widespread metastasis. These data are in agreement with those obtained from the literature review carried out with regard to clinical picture, pathoanatomical studies, aggressiveness and overall poor prognosis with this type of tumours. In our view, the tumour's mixed composition supports an origin of pluripotential cell (steam cell). Presence of neuroendocrine syndromes associated to oat cell vesical tumours is an unusual fact related to the tumour's hormonal secretion.
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PMID:[Calcified bladder oat cell associated with hypercalcemia and hypophosphoremia]. 133 32

This report describes three cases of undifferentiated small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Their light microscopic appearance is closely akin to the small cell carcinoma of lung. The neoplastic cells exhibit few cytoplasmic dense core neurosecretory granules ultrastructurally and immunoreactivity to enolase. Two patients manifested clinically hypercalcemia which is rare in small cell carcinoma in general and, to the best of our knowledge, has not been described in association with bladder small cell carcinoma.
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PMID:Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with hypercalcemia. 299 81

A rare case of ovarian small cell carcinoma is reported. Laboratory examination of a 46-year-old woman with a lower abdominal tumor showed marked hypercalcemia. Her condition deteriorated progressively, and she died one month after admission. A right ovarian tumor, 8 cm in diameter, metastases to multiple organs, and intraperitoneal bleeding were confirmed by autopsy. Microscopically, the small tumor cell had rounded nuclei with small distinct nucleoli and a scanty cytoplasm. Small cell carcinoma was diagnosed from these histological features and the clinical course associated with hypercalcemia. Immunohistochemical studies showed positive staining of neuron specific enolase (NSE) and keratin. Genetic analysis using DNA extracted from paraffin sections of metastatic lesions revealed mutation of K-ras codon 12. Loss of heterozygosity of the p53 and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) genes was not informative. Previous reports have shown that ras gene mutations occur in 30% of epithelial ovarian tumors and significantly more frequently in mucinous than in other types of ovarian tumors. These results suggest that small cell carcinoma is of epithelial origin and may have a genetic alteration similar to that of mucinous tumors.
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PMID:Ovarian small cell carcinoma with K-ras mutation: a case report with genetic analysis. 854 15

We present 22 (0.9%) cases of rhabdoid tumour of the kidney diagnosed amongst 2392 renal tumours in children. The patients ages ranged from 3 weeks to 94 months (median 7 months) and the female:male ration was 1.2:1. Clinically, they presented with an abdominal mass but four (18%) children also had hypercalcaemia and one (4.5%) developed a brain tumour (primitive neuroectodermal tumour). None of the children presented with stage I disease, five (23%) had stage II, ten (46%) stage III, and five (23%) stage IV disease. Two (9%) patients had bilateral tumours. Histologically, the vast majority (20/22) of the tumours exhibited a classical pattern but other histological patterns were also noted. Immunohistochemical studies performed in 12 cases showed vimentin positivity in all cases, CAM 5.2 in eight, epithelial membrane antigen in six, neuron specific enolase in four, S-100 protein in eight, and desmin in one case. In only 12 of the 22 tumours was there agreement between the reporting pathologist and the panel on a diagnosis of rhabdoid tumour of the kidney. Eight tumours originally diagnosed as rhabdoid tumour of the kidney were found to be other renal tumours and in another ten cases the initial diagnosis was changed by the panel to rhabdoid tumour. Metastases developed in 18 (82%) of the children--in eight they were present at the time of diagnosis and in 10 they developed from 2 weeks to 9 months after initial diagnosis. Metastases were found in the lung, abdomen, lymph nodes, liver, bone and brain. Of the 19 children with adequate follow-up, only two (10.5%) with stage II disease are alive, while 17 (89.5%) died 2 weeks to 20 months after the diagnosis.
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PMID:Rhabdoid tumour of the kidney: a clinicopathological study of 22 patients from the International Society of Paediatric Oncology (SIOP) nephroblastoma file. 873 42

Many papers have reported that chronic hypercalcemia induced either by large doses of vitamin D or by the administration of calcium or parathormone, produces hypertrophy and hyperplasia of C cells. However, more recent studies suggest that the effect of elevated calcium or 1.25(OH)2D3 concentration on the production of calcitonin may be more complex than previously suspected. To assess the validity of such a response an experimental model, where hypercalcemia was induced with vitamin D3 overdose, was designed. Male Wistar rats were administered vitamin D3 chronically (50,000 IU per 100 ml of drinking water with or without CaCl2). Serum calcium and calcitonin levels were determined. C cells were stained by immunohistochemistry using calcitonin and neuronal specific enolase (NSE) antibodies and their percentage was calculated by a morphometric analysis. We also investigated the ultrastructural characteristic of the C cells under experimental conditions. C cells did not have a proliferative response rather a decrease in their number was observed after 1 month of treatment with 25,000 IU of vitamin D3 (1.55 vs 2.43% in control animals) and 3 months with vitamin plus CaCl2 (2.27% vs 3.62% in control animals). In addition, no significant changes in serum calcitonin levels were observed during the experimental period. We conclude that rat C cells do not respond with hypertrophic and hyperplastic changes in a hypercalcemic state due to an intoxication with vitamin D3.
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PMID:Chronic hypervitaminosis D3 determines a decrease in C-cell numbers and calcitonin levels in rats. 958 84

The aim of this study was to compare what changes are caused by high doses of cholecalciferol (100,000 UI vD3) and CaCl2 on thyroid parafollicular (C) cells and airways neuroendocrine (NE) cells in rat. Overdosage of vD3 and CaCl2 causes hypocalcaemia and strong hypercalcitoninemia in blood; C cells showed mainly signs of hypertrophy; simultaneously, the number of strong calcitoninpositive cells decreased significantly (statistically significant changes). Immunohistochemical reactions, detecting CGRP, somatostatin, synaptophysin and neuronspecific enolase did not fall under statistic analysis. Airways NE cells re-acted to hypercalcemia differently than C cells--they probably respond to different regulatory mechanisms.
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PMID:Estimation of influence of high doses of cholecalciferol on thyroid parafollicular and respiratory tract neuroendocrine cells; preliminary investigations. 1563 3

A 53-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with left chest-wall pain. Computed tomography scans showed a homogenous mass on the left chest-wall with pleural effusion. Laboratory data showed anemia, hypercalcemia, and high levels of serum IgG. An IgG-lambda monoclonal protein was detected with serum immunoelectrophoresis. In addition, the serum level of neuron specific enolase (NSE) was elevated. A chest-wall tumor biopsy and a bone marrow aspiration revealed diffuse proliferation of atypical plasma cells, which were positive for cytoplasmic CD38 and IgG-lambda. The patient was diagnosed as having IgG-lambda type multiple myeloma with a chest-wall plasmacytoma. Immunostaining revealed diffuse NSE staining in the cytoplasm of the atypical plasma cells. These findings suggested that the myeloma cells produced NSE. The left chest-wall tumor and bone marrow myeloma cells disappeared following several courses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the serum levels of IgG and NSE also normalized. No recurrence of the multiple myeloma was seen after an autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. This is the second report of an NSE-producing multiple myeloma. Interestingly, our case has similar clinical phenotypes with the previously reported case, such as chest-wall plasmacytoma, pleural effusion and hypercalcemia.
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PMID:[A neuron specific enolase-producing multiple myeloma]. 1709 78

Primary combined hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and neuroendocrine carcinoma is a rare entity, and so is hypercalcemia due to ectopic parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion by tumor. A 44-year old man with hepatitis B virus associated chronic liver disease presented with a hepatic mass. Hemihepatectomy discovered the mass as combined HCC and poorly differentiated cholangiocarcinoma. During adjuvant chemoradiation therapy, he presented with nausea, and multiple systemic metastases were found. Laboratory tests revealed hypercalcemia with markedly elevated PTH and neuron specific enolase. Parathyroid scan showed normal uptake in parathyroid glands, suggestive of ectopic PTH secretion. Subsequently, immunohistochemistry of neuroendocrine marker was performed on the primary lesion, and confirmed the neuroendocrine differentiation in non-HCC component. The patient died 71 days after surgery. This report may suggest the possibility of ectopic PTH secretion by neuroendocrine carcinoma of hepatic origin causing hypercalcemia. Caution for neuroendocrine differentiation should be exercised when diagnosing poorly differentiated HCC.
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PMID:Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Neuroendocrine Carcinoma with Ectopic Secretion of Parathyroid Hormone: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. 2979 61