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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The widespread use of calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder is limited by its tendency to develop hypercalcemia in some patients using effective dosages needed to control hyperphosphatemia. Most common continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) regimens using dialysis solutions containing 3.5 mEq/L of calcium result in net absorption of calcium from the dialysis solution and, hence limit the amount of oral calcium that can be administered. Peritoneal dialysis solutions with reduced calcium levels are needed for effective use of CaCO3 to control hyperphosphatemia in some dialysis patients.
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PMID:Calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder: is there a need to adjust peritoneal dialysate calcium concentrations for patients using CaCO3? 248 89

Substitution of calcium carbonate for aluminum hydroxide in patients on dialysis: effects on acidosis, parathyroid function, and calcemia. We studied the effects of substituting CaCO3 for aluminum-containing gels on metabolic acidosis and on the response of the parathyroid glands in 11 patients treated with chronic hemodialysis. The 8 men and 3 women were clinically stable, were known to be compliant, and had no clinical evidence of aluminum overload; they were not receiving vitamin D supplements; and they had been on dialysis for an average of 65.6 months (range: 13-188 months). After 3 weeks of CaCO3 administration plasma phosphate concentration remained well controlled, and plasma calcium concentration increased from 9.2 +/- 0.2 (2.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) to 10.1 +/- 0.2 mg/dl (2.5 +/- 0.1 mmol/l). Predialysis plasma bicarbonate concentration increased from 19.7 +/- 0.6 to 21.9 +/- 0.6 mmol/l. Plasma aluminum concentration decreased from 78.7 +/- 12.5 to 48.5 +/- 3.9 micrograms/l. Plasma PTH level increased from 2.0 +/- 0.7 to 3.3 +/- 0.8 ng/ml despite the concurrent increase in plasma calcium levels. All values returned to control levels following discontinuation of CaCO3 and resumption of aluminum gels. We conclude: (1) In addition to controlling hyperphosphatemia and increasing plasma calcium concentration, CaCO3 ameliorates metabolic acidosis. (2) Avoidance of oral aluminum intake is followed by prompt lowering of plasma aluminum levels. (3) PTH levels paradoxically increase despite the increment in plasma calcium concentration. The hypercalcemia seen with CaCO3 administration may be due, in part, to transient parathyroid hypersecretion that develops when aluminum administration is discontinued.
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PMID:Substitution of calcium carbonate for aluminum hydroxide in patients on hemodialysis. Effects on acidosis, on parathyroid function, and on calcemia. 235 86

Vitamin D3 in the presence of calcium lactate induced significant hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia while calcitonin in the presence of a chelating agent (EGTA) induced hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia in the rat lens. The physiologic significance of these changes in relation to cataract formation was understood by correlating the ratio of calcium and phosphate in the rat lens with the similar ratio obtained from human cataractous lenses of cortical and nuclear types.
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PMID:Vitamin D3 and calcitonin-induced regulation of calcium and phosphate in rat lens--its significance in cataract formation. 254 57

Four sequential Tc-99m pyrophosphate (PYP) imaging studies were performed in a 28-year-old man with high fever and exudate pharyngitis associated with renal failure. Radiotracer localization in the left ventricle (LV), lungs, kidneys, and skeletal muscles were seen in two, initial imaging studies. In the second and third imaging studies, area of increase in activity was seen in the left-sided bowel. In studies done two months later (in the third study), the radioactivity in the skeletal muscles was no longer seen. Studies obtained nine months (in the fourth study) after the first imaging showed less radiotracer localization in the LV, lungs, and kidneys as compared to that seen in the initial study. Myocardial necrosis and microcalcification were proved by LV biopsy. The exact mechanism of extraosseous bone-imaging agent localization is unknown. However, this phenomenon may be related to renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, or elevated parathyroid hormone. The Tc-99m PYP imaging study is useful and sensitive in the detection of extraosseous tissue calcification and monitoring of the disease process.
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PMID:Extensive extraosseous localization of bone imaging agent in a patient with renal failure and rhabdomyolysis accompanied by combined hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia. 254 39

Measured levels of serum calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and urinary hydroxyproline were measured and calcium-phosphate product was calculated in 20 hyperthyroid patients and 20 normal controls. Eleven of the patients took propranolol 160 mg per day for 28 days. We found that the serum level of calcium was higher than that of normal controls. The incidence of hypercalcaemia in hyperthyroid patients was 10%. The serum level of phosphate and the calcium-phosphate product increased (P less than 0.01). Elevation of alkaline phosphatase and bone alkaline phosphatase were also observed (P less than 0.01). The urinary hydroxyproline was also elevated (P less than 0.01). After treatment with propranolol serum calcium and triiodothyronine decreased (P less than 0.05). It is suggested that the major mechanism of hypercalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia in hyperthyroidism was increase of bone absorption stimulated by triiodothyronine. Propranolol decreased the serum level of calcium through decreasing triiodothyronine level and through beta-receptor blocking effect as well as its direct effect on bone.
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PMID:[Hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia in thyrotoxoicosis and the therapeutic effect of propranolol]. 263 74

The effect of salmon calcitonin (0.25 MRC mU/g body wt) was investigated on the serum calcium and inorganic phosphate levels of the frog. Rana tigrina. The hormone evokes hypocalcemia (on Day 1 and Day 3) which is followed by a significant hypercalcemia on Day 10. Thereafter, the level of calcium decreases again on Day 15. Calcitonin induces hypophosphatemia (on Day 3 and Day 5). Thereafter, hyperphosphatemia is recorded on Day 10. Normal serum phosphate value is achieved by Day 15. The results obtained in R. tigrina have been discussed in relation to the increased calcium deposits in the paravertebral lime sacs and to the possible enhanced secretion of the parathyroid glands.
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PMID:Influence of calcitonin administration of serum calcium and inorganic phosphate level of the frog, Rana tigrina. 273 50

Disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism in elderly diabetics were studied. High frequency of hyperkalemia (20.8%), hypomagnesemia (14.6%), hypocalcemia (13.7%), hyperphosphatemia (8.6%), hyponatremia (8.1%) and hyperchloremia (7.2%) was observed among 332 elderly diabetics. Furthermore, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyponatremia, hyperchloremia, hypercalcemia and hypermagnesemia were more frequent in diabetics with renal insufficiency (serum Cr greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl) than in diabetics with normal renal function (serum Cr less than or equal to 1.4 mg/dl). In addition, statistically significant negative correlation were observed between plasma glucose levels and serum levels of sodium and chloride in diabetics with normal renal function. These results clearly demonstrated that the most important causal factor of electrolyte disorders in elderly diabetics might be the renal dysfunction due to diabetic nephropathy and/or nephrosclerosis. Moreover, glucose intolerance is also one of the causal factors for hyponatremia and hypochloremia. Disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism were manifest in 31 diabetic patients with hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma. The frequency of patients with abnormally elevated serum levels of sodium, potassium and chloride, and patients with abnormally lowered serum levels of calcium was high in this morbid state. Water and sodium deficit, examined in 11 cases of hyperosmolar non-ketotic coma, was 4780 +/- 2100 ml (107 +/- 43 ml/kg body weight) and 290 +/- 170 mEq (6.8 +/- 4.2 mEq/kg body weight), respectively. However, no significant deficit of potassium was observed in the patients. Statistically significant positive correlations between water deficit and serum Cr levels and with serum effective osmolarity were observed. However, there were no significant correlations between water deficit and plasma glucose levels, serum sodium levels and serum osmolarity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Disorders of fluid and electrolyte metabolism in elderly diabetics]. 279 74

As a follow-up to an investigation of 2 dogs that died as a result of apparent toxicosis attributable to a cholecalciferol-containing rodenticide, we tested the toxicity of this product in dogs. Two groups of 2 dogs each were fed amounts of rodenticide that provided 20 and 10 mg of cholecalciferol/kg of body weight (approx one fourth and one eighth of the published LD50, respectively). All dogs developed hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia and then died. Major lesions were gastrointestinal hemorrhage, myocardial necrosis, and mineralization of vascular walls. Our data indicate that cholecalciferol-containing rodenticides pose a much greater hazard to dogs than was previously believed.
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PMID:Toxicity of a vitamin D3 rodenticide to dogs. 284 Dec 68

The effects of alternate and simultaneous administrations of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) on Ca metabolism in children receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) were examined. Eight children, aged 2 to 36 months, were studied. The following three solutions were administered: solution 1 contains Ca (533 mg/liter); solution 2 contains P (413 mg/liter); and solution 3 contains Ca (267 mg/liter) and P (207 mg/liter). Solutions 1 and 2 were administered alternately for 24-hr periods. (Results) I. During administration of solution 1, significant hypophosphatemia (4.39 +/- 0.26 mg/dl) and hypercalcemia (9.96 +/- 0.15 mg/dl) were observed and, conversely, during administration of solution 2, significant hypocalcemia (8.36 +/- 0.18 mg/dl) and hyperphosphatemia (6.16 +/- 0.27 mg/dl) were observed. During administration of solution 3, the serum levels of both minerals were maintained within the normal ranges (Ca 9.46 +/- 0.12 mg/dl, P 5.65 +/- 0.21 mg/dl). II. The urinary excretion of cyclic AMP was significantly lower during administration of solution 1 (6.67 +/- 0.45 nmol/mg creatinine (Cr] as compared with solution 3 (7.50 +/- 0.61 nmol/mg of Cr). On the other hand, the excretion was significantly higher during administration of solution 2 (11.55 +/- 1.58 nmol/mg of Cr) as compared with solution 3, indicating the existence of secondary hyperparathyroidism. III. The Ca and P retention rates were significantly higher with solution 3 (Ca 79.0 +/- 5.5%, P 73.2 +/- 7.2% of the intake) than with solutions 1 and 2 alternately (Ca 62.7 +/- 4.5%, P 49.2 +/- 9.3%). (Conclusions) Simultaneous administrations of Ca and P are preferable to their alternate administrations for Ca metabolism in children receiving TPN.
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PMID:Effects of alternate and simultaneous administrations of calcium and phosphorus on calcium metabolism in children receiving total parenteral nutrition. 302 Feb 67

Renal failure is frequently associated with osteodystrophia due to secondary hyperparathyreoidism and/or increased aluminum intake. The problem of hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia can more easily controlled by CAPD than by hemodialysis. Total serum and ionized calcium levels are rapidly normalized by a CAPD regime of four 2-1 exchanges with 1.75 mmol/l Ca. Under the same CAPD regime 250-300 mg phosphate are removed per day. Depending on the ingestion of phosphate, 100-200 mg phosphate per day remain to be removed by phosphate binding agents. Since the main source of aluminum in CAPD patients is oral ingestion of aluminum-containing phosphate binders, serum levels should be regulated by diet and calcium carbonate. To suppress PTH secretion serum ionized calcium levels need to be maintained at the upper limit of normal. This can also be achieved by the use of oral calcium carbonate. Vitamin D or analogs should be prescribed only when clinically indicated by persistent hypocalcemia, osteitis fibrosa or non-aluminum related osteomalacia.
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PMID:Renal osteodystrophy and aluminum bone disease in CAPD patients. 305 62


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