Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypercalcemia is a common life-threatening complication associated with several genitourinary malignancies. Parathyroid-related peptide has been shown to cause hypercalcemia in several solid tumors but rarely in penile cancer. We report a case of advanced penile cancer with hypercalcemia and associated dysphagia. Treatment is clinically challenging and should be definitive as soon as the patient has been stabilized. Serum calcium measurement can be used for monitoring the outcome and follow-up in such patients. Dysphagia is a rare but potential symptom of hypercalcemia, but additional studies are needed to prove this association.
...
PMID:Humoral hypercalcemia of penile carcinoma. 1727 Jun 52

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT) commonly develops in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in response to high phosphate, low calcium and low 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3)]. High PTH levels increase the rate of bone turnover, with a net efflux of calcium and phosphate leading to vascular calcification and coronary artery disease. Treatment of 2 degrees HPT with 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3) and calcium-based phosphate binders often produces hypercalcemia and over-suppression of PTH, resulting in adynamic bone that cannot buffer excess calcium and phosphate, which increases the risk of vascular calcification. It is essential, then, to reduce PTH levels to a range that supports normal bone turnover and minimizes ectopic calcification. Vitamin D analogs that inhibit PTH gene transcription and parathyroid hyperplasia, and that have less calcemic activity than 1alpha,25(OH)(2)D(3,) have provided a greater safety margin for the treatment of 2 degrees HPT, as well as enhancing the survival of CKD patients. Although several analogs with less calcemic activity are now used in patients (paricalcitol and doxercalciferol in the USA, and OCT and falecalcitriol in Japan), efforts to develop even more selective analogs continue. Parathyroid glands express both 25-hydroxylase and 1alpha-hydroxylase and may be capable of activating prohormones or prodrugs to suppress PTH and parathyroid growth by an autocrine mechanism. Moreover, the introduction of non-calcium-based phosphate binders (sevelamer and lanthanum carbonate) and cinacalcet (an allosteric activator of the calcium receptor that reduces PTH and the serum calciumxphosphate product) may reduce the risk of hypercalcemia with vitamin D therapy. Combining these agents with higher doses of vitamin D compounds may achieve greater suppression of PTH and possibly enhance survival in patients with chronic kidney disease.
...
PMID:Vitamin D analogs for secondary hyperparathyroidism: what does the future hold? 1736 85

Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is one of mineral bone disorders in chronic kidney disease (CKD) , when stage of SHPT become advance, not only responsiveness for drug will be decreased, but also serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca) , and Pi level become also aggravate. Such a clinical condition is called resistance to medical treatment, and if intact PTH level is over than 500 pg/mL or there is at least one parathyroid grand more than 0.5 cm(3) in size, it is strongly suspected that SHPT becomes advance with resistance to medical treatment. Moreover, hypercalcemia and hyperphosphataemia have also been associated with reduced life expectancy, parathyroid intervention is the treatment choice for SHPT in behalf of medical therapy. Parathyroid intervention has better be chosen when there is resistant to medical treatment, even though intact PTH level is less than 500 pg/mL. Parathyroidectomy is desirable from the long term effect if more than two numbers of glands are detected by ultrasonography. Parathyroid intervention is chosen depending on the degree of SHPT and presence of some complications, and it should be perform in the appropriate period.
...
PMID:[Indication of parathyroid intervention]. 1747 Oct 7

We report the case of a 61-year-old woman who suffered a parathyroid crisis due to a parathyroid adenoma. The patient presented with the typical clinical symptoms of hypercalcemia. Ca(+2) and PTH were markedly increased. Initially, she was treated conservatively until Ca(+2) returned to normal levels. Then, she underwent surgical excision of a newly diagnosed parathyroid adenoma. Parathyroid crisis (PC), also known as parathyroid storm or acute primary hyperparathyroidism, is a rare and serious complication of primary hyperparathyroidism (PH). Fewer than 200 cases have been described in the literature. Prognosis is poor: mortality is 100% in non-operable cases and 20% in cases in which parathyroidectomy is performed. We emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.
...
PMID:Parathyroid crisis as first manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism. 1796 38

Parathyroid lipoadenomas and lipohyperplasias are rare histologic variants with both an increase in stromal fat and parenchyma. We report the most comprehensive single institution series of lipoadenomas and lipohyperplasias to date and review the literature. Eight lipoadenomas and 3 lipohyperplasias (27 y period) were reviewed. The mean age was 60.3 years (range: 50 to 77 y) with a female predilection (1.75:1). The most common symptoms on presentation were fatigue (55.6%) and bone/joint pain (44.4%). Only 1 patient was euparathyroid. Ultrasound localized lipoadenomas in 50% of tested cases whereas sestamibi was successful in 71.4%. Despite increased stromal fat (median: 50%), the weight and the appearance of large, occasionally nodular expansions of parathyroid parenchyma within the fatty stroma distinguished lipoadenomas and lipohyperplasias from normal parathyroid tissue; none of the cases were misclassified as normal on frozen section. Mean weight for lipoadenomas was 1553 mg (range: 173 to 4587 mg), whereas the mean weight for lipohyperplasia glands was 389.1 mg. Variant morphologies included follicular patterned, oxyphil predominant, and thymic elements (thymolipoadenoma). In 1 lipohyperplasia case, not all glands were involved. Oil Red O stains showed decreased intracytoplasmic lipid in most cases. Median follow-up was 9.2 months (range: <1 to 51 mo). Only 1 lipohyperplasia patient had persistent hypercalcemia, but was asymptomatic. Lipoadenomas and lipohyperplasias are clinically similar and as histologically diverse as their conventional counterparts. Lipoadenomas are more difficult to localize preoperatively by imaging. Despite the potential difficulty at frozen section, accurate weight documentation and recognition of key histologic features diminish this challenge.
...
PMID:Parathyroid lipoadenomas and lipohyperplasias: clinicopathologic correlations. 1881 23

Because no comparative studies exist, no clear pronouncements can be made about the potential differences in effectiveness and safety between PTH 1-34 and PTH 1-84. As regards the efficacy, a convincing reduction of vertebral fractures was shown in both cases [Neer, R.M., Arnaud, C.D., Zanchetta, J.R., Prince, R., Gaich, G.A., Reginster, J.Y., Hodsman, A.B., Eriksen, E.F., Ish-Shalom, S., Genant, H.K., Wang, O., Mitlak, B.H., 2001. Effect of parathyroid hormone (1-34) on fractures and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 344, 1434-1441; Greenspan, S.L., Bone, H.G., Ettinger, M.P., Hanley, D.A., Lindsay, R., Zanchetta, J.R., Blosch, C.M., Mathisen, A.L., Morris, S.A., Marriott, T.B., Treatment of Osteoporosis with Parathyroid Hormone Study Group, 2007. Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 146, 326-339]. A reduction of non-vertebral fractures was shown in the case of PTH 1-34 only. Another significant resemblance is that both medicines have a strong anabolic action; this mechanism of action is essentially different from the bisphosphonates and strontium ranelate. Both medicines constitute a welcome addition to the therapeutic arsenal for patients with severe osteoporosis. More data from literature (including information on follow-up data and use in men) are available for PTH 1-34 because it has been available for longer. As regards the side effect profile, PTH 1-84 appears to have a higher incidence of hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria and nausea than teriparatide. Here, too, no comparative study exists: the differences may therefore be based on an actual difference in side effects, or it may be ascribed to differences in definitions and/or patient populations.
...
PMID:PTH-analogs: comparable or different? 1912 66

Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis (HD) can be challenging. Conventional treatments can lead to hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, both of which are associated with vascular and soft tissue calcification and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. We report the effect of treatment with the Type II calcimimetic cinacalcet on vascular calcification in a HD patient with SHPT. A 40-year-old male with a 24-year history of kidney failure secondary to mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis, commenced HD in October 2004 following chronic graft dysfunction. The patient was admitted to hospital with renal insufficiency and metabolic abnormalities. An anatomopathological study showed calcium (Ca) deposits in the alveolar septa, bronchial wall and pulmonary arterioles. Parathyroid methoxy isobutyl isonitrile (MIBI) scintigraphy revealed multiglandular parathyroid disease and an ectopic gland behind the sternal notch. Serum intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was repeatedly found to be > or = 2,500 pg/ml, and was accompanied by significant abnormalities in phosphorus (P) and Ca metabolism which were difficult to control. The patient was initially treated with sevelamer, low dose calcium carbonate, a low P and reduced protein diet and high doses of intravenous erythropoietin. In addition, he received HD with a high efficiency membrane for 4.5 hours, 4-times weekly. Treatment with cinacalcet was initiated at 30 mg/day and adjusted to achieve National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative targets for iPTH, P, Ca and Ca-P product. One year following cinacalcet treatment, a chest x-ray showed a moderate reduction in Ca deposits, a bone X-ray showed a significant reduction in vascular calcifications, and parathyroid MIBI scintigraphy showed a disappearance of ectopic focus and minimal remains of glands. Significant reductions in calcemia were controlled by concomitant modifications to oral Ca supplementation, Ca concentration in the dialysis liquid, and administration of paricalcitriol. In the second year of treatment, iPTH was maintained within the target range, with moderate rises in P and stabilization of serum Ca. An echocardiogram showed an improvement in left ventricular hypertrophy. Chest and hand X-rays showed a progressive reduction in calcifications. Radiology showed an improvement in bone morphology, with reduced trabeculation and better cortical definition in the phalanx bones. In conclusion, the changes in iPTH, P and Ca associated with cinacalcet treatment were accompanied by reduced vascular and soft tissue calcification in this patient. There were no cardiovascular events and the patient experienced a marked improvement in quality of life.
...
PMID:Cinacalcet reduces vascular and soft tissue calcification in secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in hemodialysis patients. 1920 18

Parathyroid lipoadenoma is an unusual cause of primary hyperparathyroidism. Only a few earlier reports have documented parathyroid imaging in diagnostic studies of parathyroid lipoadenoma. Our case was a 27-year-old man, who was originally diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism. He underwent a Tc-99m sestamibi dual-phase parathyroid imaging study, which revealed a right-inferior parathyroid hyperfunctional lesion. The first operation removed a lesion of 1.5 cm in diameter in the area, and parathyroid lipoadenoma was diagnosed by pathology. However, hypercalcemia persisted. One week later, a Tc-99m sestamibi whole-body scan and another dual-phase imagining were performed, which demonstrated a residual lesion in the inferior part of the right thyroid region, while no ectopic lesion was found. A second surgery was performed and pathological diagnosis was confirmed as parathyroid lipoadenoma again. Our case demonstrated that although hyperfunctional parathyroid lipoadenoma is rare, Tc-99m sestamibi parathyroid imaging is reliable in locating the lesion for surgical purposes. And Tc-99m sestamibi imaging is useful in reoperative and persistent hyperparathyroidism situations as well.
...
PMID:Tc-99m sestamibi parathyroid imaging in a rare case of parathyroid lipoadenoma. 1934 May 25

This review discusses gastrointestinal manifestations of parathyroid diseases. Parathyroid hormone is the primary regulator of calcium physiology. Hypoparathyroidism can be idiopathic, hereditary, or secondary to surgery in the neck. Hyperparathyroidism is usually from adenomas or hyperplasia. Hypoparathyroidism is associated with steatorrhea that may improve with medium-chain triglycerides, correction of the hypoparathyroidism, or administration of vitamin D. Hyperparathyroidism results in constipation because of reduction in neuromuscular excitability by high calcium levels. According to old literature, the incidence of peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in patients with hyperparathyroidism is 9% compared with autopsy rates of 4% to 5%. Any association is difficult to prove today, as hyperparathyroidism is usually mild due to early detection of cases through routine automated measurements of calcium. In addition, PUD is less prevalent now than before the advent of proton pump inhibitors. The presence of ulcers or ulcer symptoms may correct in some patients after parathyroidectomy, suggesting an association. The incidence of pancreatitis in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism ranges from 1.5% to 12% and may be because of the hypercalcemia. Complicating the issue is secondary hyperparathyroidism in response to hypocalcemia from pancreatitis. Pancreatitis may improve in some individuals after parathyroidectomy. Pancreatitis may follow parathyroid surgery because of an acute rise in calcium levels with manipulation of the parathyroid glands or to a blunted response of calcitonin-producing cells from fatigue. Parathyroid diseases have a few distinct effects on the gut: steatorrhea in hypoparathyroidism, and constipation, PUD, and pancreatitis in hyperparathyroidism.
...
PMID:The parathyroids and the gut. 2048 90

We present a highly unusual and interesting case of coexistent hyperparathyroidism and sarcoidosis leading to hypercalcaemia. A 70 year old female presented with weight loss, constipation and dehydration. Investigations revealed marked hypercalcaemia with a non-suppressed PTH. In view of the degree of hypercalcaemia as well as the unintentional weight loss, investigations for malignancy were conducted -these were negative. Parathyroid imaging was then requested and an adenoma was identified. Surprisingly, surgery revealed the coexistence of a parathyroid adenoma with the unexpected finding of sarcoid granulomas within the parathyroid and thyroid glands. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported. Further imaging confirmed pulmonary sarcoidosis and a serum ACE was elevated. Serum calcium levels did not respond to parathyroidectomy but eventually fell with steroid therapy.
...
PMID:Sarcoid granulomas in the parathyroid gland - a case of dual pathology: hypercalcaemia due to a parathyroid adenoma and coexistent sarcoidosis with granulomas located within the parathyroid adenoma and thyroid gland. 2055 94


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

---