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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Renal cell carcinoma is unique among the genitourinary malignancies in that close to one third of affected patients show signs and symptoms of a paraneoplastic syndrome. The paraneoplastic syndromes associated with renal cell carcinoma range from those manifesting in constitutional symptoms (ie, fever, cachexia, and weight loss) to those that result in specific metabolic and biochemical abnormalities (ie, hypercalcemia, nonmetastatic hepatic dysfunction, amyloidosis, etc). The presence of a paraneoplastic syndrome in a patient with renal cell carcinoma is neither a marker of metastatic disease nor necessarily indicative of a poor prognosis. The importance of understanding the pathophysiology and biology behind the many paraneoplastic syndromes associated with renal cell carcinoma lies in the fact that the presence of these protean symptoms may be the initial presentation of either primary or recurrent disease. In this review, we will describe the proposed mechanisms of action of the many paraneoplastic syndromes associated with renal cell carcinoma as well as outline the clinical evaluation and treatment options currently available for these noteworthy disorders.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic syndromes in urologic malignancy: the many faces of renal cell carcinoma. 1698 75

Approximately 50% of all cancer patients develop cachexia, a paraneoplastic syndrome that is characterized by wasting of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle mass. Cytokines, including TNF-alpha, interleukins-1, -6, and interferon-A are known mediators of the cachectic process. The latter however represent only one of many imbalanced systems in cancer cachexia. The aim of this study was to further delineate the pathogenesis of cachexia by molecular profiling. Human renal cancer xenografts that do and do not induce cachexia in mice were used as disease models. Cachexia-associated gene expression was studied on Human Genome U95 Affymetrix arrays and revealed several new genes such as TNF-alpha ligand superfamily protein, interferon-A treatment inducible protein, and DKFZ5641I1922. The expression of the IL-8 gene was also elevated in cachexia inducing xenografts (CIX). At the protein level, TNF-alpha was found expressed only in CIX, whereas IL-1 and IL-6 were not cachexia specific. Levels of parathyroid hormone-related protein were elevated in CIX and accompanied by hypercalcemia. COX-2 and prostaglandin E2 were also found to be over expressed. By using the COX-2 inhibitors rofecoxib and nimesulide, we were able to delay tumor-mediated wasting in vivo. Overall, our results suggest that cachexia is a multigenetic disease that will require complex combinations of drugs for an effective therapeutic intervention.
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PMID:Molecular analysis of xenograft models of human cancer cachexia--possibilities for therapeutic intervention. 1787 25

Paraneoplastic syndromes are frequently detected in many small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients. In the present paper we report 2 cases of patients diagnosed with SCLC, in whom 2 distinct endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes were identified during diagnosis. In the first patient, severe hyponatremia and renal sodium loss with inappropriate antidiuresis was found during routine laboratory tests. Serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level was within normal limits, but the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) level was elevated. The second case presented with severe hypercalcemia secondary to an excessive parathormone (PTH) secretion. We discuss the 2 cases and review the literature.
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PMID:Endocrine paraneoplastic syndromes in small cell lung carcinoma. Two case reports. 1791 99

A 52-year-old patient presented himself with weight loss and night sweats. Laboratory analyses revealed a high sedimentation rate, elevated immunoglobulines and anaemia with sludge phenomenon. Differential diagnoses included Multiple Myeloma and Lymphoma. Having a risk constellation for HIV infection and just having recovered from oral thrush also made this diagnosis possible. Urinary analysis and chest x-ray were normal; however, CT-scan detected renal cell cancer with pulmonary metastases. Renal cell cancer is heterogeneous in presentation, symptoms are unspecific, therefore they are often discovered late when they have already metastasized. Paraneoplastic syndromes, e.g. hypercalcaemia or hypertension are not infrequent in renal cell cancer.
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PMID:[Weight loss and night sweats with unexpected tumor localization]. 1807 82

Hypercalcemia is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome in adult malignancies (10%-30%) and rare in pediatric cancers (0.5%-1.3%). Hypercalcemia in malignancies is categorized into two groups: 1) Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy (HHM)-caused by substances that are produced by the tumor cells and secreted into the blood circulation such as parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH-rP), parathyroid hormone-intact (PTH-i), the enzyme 1-alpha-hydroxylase that catalyzes the synthesis of the active form of vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), and other substances; 2) Hypercalcemia due to bone destruction by metastases. Hypercalcemia occurs in less than 5% of female genital tract malignancies and virtually in all cases (95%) it is HHM. Female genital tract malignancy-associated HHM is caused most often (80%) by PTH-rP. Ovarian cancer is the most common female genital tract malignancy that is associated with HHM. Although HHM occurs in only 5% of ovarian cancers, it occurs in a relatively high percentage in the following rare ovarian tumors: a). Small cell carcinoma of the ovary - a rare tumor that accounts for only 1% of all ovarian cancers and is associated with HHM in 66% of the cases; b). Clear cell carcinoma of the ovary - an uncommon tumor that accounts for 5% of all ovarian cancers and is associated with HHM in 5%-10% of the cases. Since dysgerminoma is the most common malignant ovarian tumor in children, in girls it is the second most common ovarian neoplasm, after ovarian small cell carcinoma, to be associated with HHM.
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PMID:[Hypercalcemia in malignancies of the female genital tract]. 1848 65

The aim of this study was to review all the paraneoplastic syndromes of primary tumours of the oral cavity. Metastatic tumours of the mouth and primary tumours of the oropharynx (including tonsils), and major salivary glands were excluded. The primary search was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE, and included every paraneoplastic syndrome from a primary oral tumour described in English, French, or German papers during the last 20 years. The secondary search was conducted by handpicking articles from reviews on paraneoplastic syndromes of the head and neck. The aim of the tertiary search was to identify conditions that had been reported only rarely. We then cross-referenced "mouth neoplasm" with every paraneoplastic condition cited in relevant review articles. We classified the paraneoplastic syndromes that arose from tumours of the head and neck into six categories: endocrine, dermatological, vascular and haematological, rheumatoid, ocular, and neurological. The following conditions are described in this review: syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone production, hypercalcaemia, hypercalcaemia-leucocytosis syndrome, ectopic production of beta-human chorionic gonadotrophin, Bazex syndrome, Sweet syndrome, tripe palm syndrome, pemphigus, pityriasis rotunda, neutrophilic leukemoid reaction, cerebral venous sinus thrombophlebitis, digital ischaemia, dermatomyositis, necrotising myopathy, autoimmune retinal degeneration, and subacute cerebellar degeneration. Paraneoplastic syndromes of the oral cavity are a heterogeneous group. Most syndromes occur from squamous cell carcinoma and their aetiology is poorly understood. They are important to recognise as they can be the presenting complaint of a malignant tumour, change the prognosis, and considerably reduce the quality of life.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with primary oral cancers: a systematic review. 1983 19

The diagnosis of a paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS) may precede, follow or be concurrent with the diagnosis of a malignant tumor. There is increasing knowledge of association between PNS and head and neck cancers, but the relationship between oral cancer and paraneoplastic disease has not been previously investigated. PNS associated with head and neck cancer can be divided into six main groups: endocrine, cutaneous or dermatologic, hematologic, osteoarticular or rheumatologic, neurologic, and ocular syndromes. We have comprehensively reviewed the literature to evaluate the incidence of occurrence of PNS with oral cancer, and conclude that only endocrine and dermatologic PNS have been associated with oral cancer. Humoral hypercalcemia is the most frequent PNS related to oral cancer, and has a negative prognostic significance. Dermatologic PNS are less common, but when they occur, they may precede the diagnosis of the oral tumor. Awareness of these conditions is important for clinicians who deal with cancer.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with oral cancer. 1993 48

A paraneoplastic syndrome is defined as a group of symptoms that develop when substances released by some cancer cells disrupt the normal function of the surrounding cells and tissue. Paraneoplastic renal syndromes are diseases that indirectly compromise tubular and glomerular function by electrolyte imbalance, hormone-producing tumors or deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in the glomeruli. In order to describe the most common paraneoplastic syndromes, which may compromise the renal function, an extensive review was performed of papers, including case reports, guidelines, meta-analysis and other scientific publications. Renal function can be affected by many paraneoplactic syndromes: hypercalcemia in malignancies, syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone, tumor lysis syndrome, renin-producing tumors and paraneoplastic glomerulopathies. An early diagnosis and effective treatment might improve quality of life and alter prognosis of these patients.
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PMID:Paraneoplastic syndromes and the kidney. 2022 4

Penile cancer is very rare in North America and Europe, as compared with the rest of the world. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) accounts for more than 95% of the cancer type. Paraneoplastic syndrome (PNS), a clinical syndrome of nonmetastatic systemic effects that occurs in patients with malignant disease, is often associated with SCC. However, the association of penile SCC with leukocytosis and hypercalcemia is very rare. We report a case of penile SCC involving a change in the patient's mental status along with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis; all three conditions resolved after the tumor was excised. We also discuss the possible factors contributing to hypercalcemia, leukocytosis and change in mental status in SCC. These three conditions and other features of PNS can significantly influence a patient's overall prognosis and, if recognized early, can play an important role in the care plan.
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PMID:Leukocytosis and hypercalcemia: a rare combination of paraneoplastic features in squamous cell penile cancer. 2037 50

The electrolyte imbalance in advanced cancer patients, including hyperkalemia, hypercalcemia and hyponatremia, can be induced by various factors. Hyperkalemia is occasionally induced by chemotherapy for very large malignant tumors, due to tumor lysis syndrome. Hypercalcemia and hyponatremia are often observed in patients with breast cancer, renal cancer, prostate cancer, and the like, as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Some part of hypercalcemia results from osteolysis, but the majority is induced by hormonal factors, such as parathyroid hormone-related protein. One of the paraneoplastic causes of hyponatremia is antidiuretic hormone-producing tumor. These disorders could be morbid or even motile, resulting from encephalopathy or arrhythmia in some cases. However, it should be kept in mind that they could be improved or cured by prompt treatment. Recently, after approval of the molecular targeted drugs for epidermal growth factor receptors, such as cetuximab and panitumumab, the incidence of hypomagnesia with use of these monoclonal antibodies, is relatively frequent. In addition, small molecular targeted drugs, such as m-TORinhibitors and ABL kinase inhibitors, also exert adverse reactions including hypomagnesia and hypophosphatemia. Careful monitoring of the serum concentration of magnesium and phosphate ions, to which little attention was paid previously, is a key issue in these cases.
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PMID:[Cancer and electrolytes imbalance]. 2056 1


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