Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Seven patients with osteoporosis of ageing were treated with synthetic 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-H.C.C.) for 3-4 months. The compound was given at a daily oral dose of 2 mug together with an oral supplement of 1 g of calcium. Clinically there was a striking improvement in the patients' physical fitness. Increased bone formation and mineralisation were seen on iliac-crest bone biopsy, and this was supported by an increased osteoblastic activity demonstrated by histochemical measurement of alkaline-phosphatase activity. Bone histology furthermore showed a reduced bone resorption, which was supported by a reduced urinary excretion of total hydroxyproline. Photon absorptiometry of the forearm accorded with the histological findings, showing a significant increase in the bone mineral content. Serum-calcium rose in all patients, one developing a severe transitory hypercalcaemia. The urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium increased significantly. The serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone were not significantly affected by the treatment. It is concluded that 1alpha-H.C.C. is an effective tool in the treatment of senile osteoporosis.
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PMID:Treatment of osteoporosis of ageing with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol. 5 56

23 (60%) of 38 human breast carcinomas had significant in-vitro osteolytic activity. All patients presenting with bone metastases or hypercalcaemia had active tumours. Over a subsequent three-year follow-up period, bone metastases did not develop in any of the 15 patients with inactive tumours, and metastases at other sites developed in only 2. Of the 23 patients with active tumours, 7 either had, or have since developed bone metastases; in 4 of these hypercalcaemia also developed. 14 tumours, chosen at random, were tested for in-vitro osteolytic activity in the presence and absence of aspirin, which inhibits prostaglandin synthetase. The activity of 8 of the 9 osteolytically active tumours was significantly, though not completely inhibited by aspirin. Although the number of patients is limited, these results indicate that the in-vitro osteolysis assay may detect substances, perhaps including prostaglandins, produced by breast tumours which affect prognosis and contribute to the subsequent formation of bone metastases.
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PMID:Breast-cancer osteolysis, bone metastases, and anti-osteolytic effect of aspirin. 5 92

Ten uraemic patients on regular haemodialysis were treated with 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol (1alpha-H.C.C.) for 5 to 14 months. Five patients who had histological osteitis fibrosa with or without osteomalacia responded well, with resolution of musculoskeletal pain, return of raised serum-alkaline-phosphatase concentrations to normal, resolution of radiological subperiosteal erosions, and improvement in histological signs of osteitis fibrosa and osteomalacia. In these patients 1alpha-H.C.C. proved a safe and effective drug. Five other patients did not improve. Characteristically these patients started with moderately severe histological osteomalacia and minimal, if any, osteitis fibrosa. Proximal myopathy was a prominent symptom and serum-alkaline-phosphatase was normal in four of them. Treatment with 1alpha-H.C.C. resulted in early troublesome hypercalcaemia, and repeat bone histology 5--11 months later showed no improvement. It is suggested that in these patients lack of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol may not have been wholly responsible for the observed osteomalacia, hence 1alpha-H.C.C. alone was ineffective. Phosphate depeltion may have been an important contributing factor.
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PMID:Variable response to long-term 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol in haemodialysis osteodystrophy. 5 5

In four healthy controls and three patients with hypoparathyroidism serum-1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-D.H.C.C.) concentrations, after oral or intravenous administration, declined biphasically with a rapid-phase half-time of about 14 hours. Repeated oral doses of 1 mug 1,25-D.H.C.C. (2-4 nmol) produced serum concentrations well below the assayed normal range but were nevertheless effective in raising serum-calcium. It is suggested that orally administered 1,25-D.H.C.C. acts directly on the intestinal mucosal-cell nucleus to promote calcium absorption. 1,25-D.H.C.C. is more rapidly eliminated from the body than vitamin D, and it is predicted that any hypercalcaemia caused by 1,25-D.H.C.C. therapy should be of relatively short duration.
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PMID:Metabolic fate of administered 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in controls and in patients with hypoparathyroidism. 5 55

Anorexia, constipation, vomiting and somnolence in a 39-year-old woman were at first misinterpreted as being of psychological and autonomic nervous system origin. Further clinical and biochemical tests revealed hyperthyroidism associated with hypercalcaemia and hypercalciuria. Thyrostatic treatment for 12 days caused regression of the hypercalcaemia and, after subtotal resection, serum calcium levels and urinary calcium excretion returned to normal for good. The hypercalcaemia syndrome must therefore be assumed to have been the direct result of the hyperthyroidism.
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PMID:[Hyperthyroidism with hypercalcaemia (author's transl)]. 5 61

Hypercalcemia occurs rarely at the time of diagnosis in patients found to have epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. It is particularly unlike in those patients who present with potentially curable lesions. Only 2 of our 307 patients who presented with potentially curable lesions were hypercalcemic at the time of diagnosis. Two hundred thirty-eight of these patients were followed up for two years or until death. Of the 139 who did not remain free of disease, hypercalcemia of clinical significance developed in ten (7.2 per cent). Pseudohyperparathyroidism was the suspected cause in seven of twelve patients. Debilitating symptoms were present in all patients with serum calcium levels greater thn 12.0 mg/100 ml. Treatment, when given, was effective in alleviating gastrointestinal and central nervous system problems. Although usually temporary, symptomatic improvement was appreciated by most patients and family members.
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PMID:Hypercalcemia in epidermoid carcinoma of the head and neck. 6 32

Four patients with thyrotoxicosis, hypercalcaemia and metabolic bone disease are described. One of them had a 'hot nodule', T3 toxicosis and a parathyroid tumour and another had thin bones, subperiosteal cortical bone erosions and complete dysphagia. Hypercalcaemia persisted during treatment with antithyroid drugs in two patients, both of whom had hyperparathyroidism. The administration of salmon calcitonin to these two patients before starting antithyroid treatment produced an immediate and sustained fall in serum calcium and urinary hydroxyproline levels. Calcitonin administration should be of value in the early management of hypercalcaemic patients.
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PMID:Thyrotoxicosis and hypercalcaemia: response to antithyroid drugs and salmon calcitonin. 6 11

The therapeutic armamentarium in the treatment of cancer is now expanded to include surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy. The aim is to achieve cure where possible. For some cancers the concept of cure can be questioned, and for many patients, cancer must be regarded as a chronic disease. A vigorous approach to palliation, particularly in regard to special problems such as hypercalcaemia, yields good dividends. Human values remain of paramount importance, and active antitumour treatment with attendant side effects must not be continued where there is no expectation of worthwhile response.
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PMID:The current approach to cancer treatment. 7 59

Thyroglobulin-like immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells was studied by an immunoperoxidase bridge technique using antisera against dog thyroglobulin fragments. 1. The dog parafollicular cells were specifically stained by anti-peak I (27S and larger components fraction) antiserum absorbed with peak II (19S fraction). By this method, they were easily distinguishable from the non-reactive follicular cells and colloid droplets. More sensitive staining of the parafollicular cells was possible with anti-peak I'' (larger components fraction) antiserum. The staining reactions indicated that the antigenic material responsible for immunoreactivity of the parafollicular cells was due to larger molecular components of thyroglobulin corresponding to 32S, 37S or greater than 37S, and was not due to either the 19S thyroglobulin or to the 27S iodoprotein. 2. A conspicuous decrease of the immunoreactive material in the parafollicular cells occurred in the dog after both chronically induced hypercalcemia and antithyroid drug treatment. This coincided with movement of secretory granules containing calcitonin as shown by staining with silver impregnation, HCl-basic dye, and lead-hematoxylin. 3. The antisera against larger molecular components of dog thyroglobulin showed a high degree of cross-reactivity to the parafollicular cells of most of the mammalian species investigated; rats, rabbits, hamsters, mice, cats, lions, goats, cows, and human.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of a large molecular fragment of thyroglobulin in parafollicular cells. 7 16

Hypercalcaemia is often associated with malignant disease. Causes of elevated serum-calcium levels in the absence of bony metastases include parathyroid-hormone production by the tumour, osteolytic factors made by the tumour, and coexistent primary hyperparathyroidism. By measuring nephrogenous cyclic-A.M.P. excretion to assess parathyroid-hormone function, we have determined the mechanism of such hypercalcaemia in 15 patients. Nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. ranges from 0.05 to 2.40 mumol/g of creatinine in normal subjects, from 2.27 to 8.45 mumol/g in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism, and from 0.50 to 1.30 mumol/g in patients with proven non-hyperparathyroid hypercalcaemia without malignancy. 9 patients (60%) with hypercalcaemia and malignancy had normal levels of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 0.35-2.07 mumol/g creatinine). The other 6 (40%) had elevated nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. (range 2.70-5.55 mumol/g) consistent with increased parathyroid-hormone secretion. Surgical exploration of the neck in these patients showed that the increased parathyroid-hormone secretion was secondary to primary hyperparathyroidism, not ectopic hyperparathyroidism. Thus, the data indicate that coexistent hyperparathyroidism may be common in patients with hypercalcaemia and malignancy and that the measurement of nephrogenous cyclic A.M.P. is very useful in identifying patients at risk for hyperparathyroidism.
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PMID:Primary hyperparathyroidism in paraneoplastic hypercalcaemia. 7 31


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