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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary hyperparathyreosis and tumour diseases are the two most frequent causes of hypercalcaemia. Surgical removal of parathyroid adenoma is the permanent solution for hypercalcaemia. Hypercalcaemia may occur in 20-30% of patients with cancer in the course of the disease. It causes progressive deterioration of the overall condition of the patient which culminates in a coma-like state with renal failure and means a bad prognosis for the affected person. Evaluation of clinical condition and obtaining the immunoreactive parathormone level data are of extreme importance for correct diagnosis. Normal or even low parathormone levels almost surely exclude primary hyperparathyreosis as the source of hypercalcaemia. Additional, less frequent causes of hypercalcaemia should also be taken into consideration, such as diseases caused by the granulomatose tissue, familial benign hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia, drug provoked hypercalcaemia, high thyroid hormone doses and patient dehydration. Fast replenishment of liquids and administration of bisphosphonates are the cornerstones of hypercalcaemia therapy.
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PMID:[Differential diagnosing of hypercalcemias]. 1791 27

Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia is recognized as a rare cause of infantile hypercalcemia. Its renal consequences include nephrocalcinosis with distal tubular dysfunction, nephrolithiasis, and finally renal failure. Herein we report the case of a two-month-old infant presenting with idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia complicated with distal renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and nephrocalcinosis. Despite correction of acidosis and dehydration, the persistant hypercalcemia could only be ameliorated with calcitonin treatment. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is life-saving in such cases.
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PMID:Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia and renal involvement. 1797 58

Acute lithium intoxication may occur in circumstances causing kidney failure, when using lithium chronically. This situation may lead to neurological symptoms with coma, gastrointestinal disorders with diarrhea, cardiovascular symptoms with hypotension and metabolic symptoms with hypercalcemia. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus may also develop. We report the case of a 69-year-old woman suffering from unipolar manic-depressive psychosis and treated by lithium for 10 years. This case highlights the need to monitor serum lithium levels in patients on long-term lithium regimens, especially in circumstances involving dehydration.
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PMID:[Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus during lithium acute intoxication]. 1803 8

Multiple myeloma (MM) is malignant disease caused by proliferation of malignant clone of terminally differentiated plasma-cells. Clinical features may include symptoms of bone disease, unexplained back-pain, fractures, anaemia, kidney failure, oedema, hypercalcaemia, bacterial infections, impaired hemostasis, peripheral neuropathy and hyperviscosity. Impairment of renal function occurs in 50% of patients with different forms of kidney disease. Majority of patients have precipitation of monoclonal immunoglobulins or their fragments in kidney. Hypercalcemia, dehydration, infections and nephrotoxic drugs contribute to development of kidney injury. Treatment consists of chemotherapy for primary disease, with plasma exchange in cases of hyperviscosity. Supportive treatment should include rehydration, treatment of hyperuricemia and hypercalcaemia. Patients with end-stage renal disease could be treated with peritoneal dialysis or haemodialysis. Renal transplantation is rarely offered to this group of patients.
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PMID:[The role of nephrologist in treatment of multiple myeloma]. 1857 31

Hyperprostaglandin E syndrome (HPS) is the antenatal variant of Bartter syndrome and characterized by polyhydramnios and preterm delivery in the antenatal period and salt-wasting, isosthenuric or hyposthenuric polyuria, hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis in the postnatal period. We report a one-month-old infant with HPS with a 15-year-old sister with Bartter syndrome. The infant's birth weight was 2750 g and she had severe dehydration on the 2nd day of life. She had hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis and elevated plasma renin and aldosterone levels. We instituted indomethacin therapy accompanied by steroid therapy for hypercalcemia. However, the patient developed abdominal distention on the 30th day, which was due to diffuse pneumatosis in sigmoid colon revealed by a subsequent surgical intervention. Following surgery, the patient developed fever, electrolyte abnormalities and subsequently sepsis. The patient died due to sepsis 10 days after surgery. We conclude that indomethacin and steroid therapy must be used cautiously in infants with HPS.
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PMID:Hyperprostaglandin E syndrome: use of indomethacin and steroid, and death due to necrotizing enterocolitis and sepsis. 1901 56

We retrospectively studied seven children (six girls, one boy) aged from 7.5 to 25 months who presented to our institution after taking large doses of vitamin D (900 000-4 000 000 U) prescribed by medical practitioners for wrong indications like failure to thrive, etc. The clinical manifestations were constipation, decreased appetite, lethargy, polyuria, dehydration and failure to thrive. All patients had hypercalcemia (serum calcium ranging from 12 to 16.8 mg/dl), high 25[OH]D levels (ranging from 96 to >150 ng/ml), suppressed intact parathyroid hormone (ranging from <3 to 8.1 pg/ml). Hypercalciuria (urinary calcium/creatinine ranging from 1 to 2.45) was found in all patients, while nephrocalcinosis was present in five patients. All were treated with intravenous fluids, oral prednisolone, restriction of calcium in diet, while four patients received pamidronate infusion for reducing hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Hypercalcemia due to hypervitaminosis D: report of seven patients. 1933 14

Cancer-induced hypercalcemia (CIH) occurs in 5% to 30% of patients with cancer during the course of their disease, depending on the type of tumor. This review provides information on the pathophysiology and treatment of CIH. Enhanced bone resorption is the primary cause of CIH and the release of tumor-derived mediators induces this increase in osteoclast-mediated resorption. The interactions between osteoclasts and cancer cells are mainly mediated by parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), that activates osteoblasts to produce receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa ligand (RANKL) and osteoclast precursors, with subsequent bone osteolysis. Low parathyroid hormone serum levels together with high calcium levels in a cancer patient may suggest a CIH. There are two different therapeutic approaches for treating CIH, to increase the urinary excretion of calcium, or to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, RANKL or the action of PTHrP. In patients with CIH the first step of therapy is usually to restore renal function which is often impaired due to dehydration. Bisphosphonates administration is at present the main-stay of treatment, while calcitonin, gallium nitrate and mithramycin have limited activity and several side-effects. Anti-RANKL therapy (denosumab) and antibodies against PTHrP are promising therapies, but their clinical use should be further explored to more clearly document the effects.
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PMID:Cancer-induced hypercalcemia. 1944 65

Thyroid hemiagenesis is a rare anomaly due to failure of development of one thyroid lobe during embryological life. A lot of thyroid disorders may accompany thyroid hemiagenesis. In this report, we present a case of thyroid hemiagenesis, who had moderate hypercalcemia due to Graves' disease. A 43-year-old woman presented with weight loss of more than 5 kg within one month, heat intolerance, and increased sweating. For the past month, she had been troubled by intermittent symptoms of vomiting, thirst, and constipation. On examination, she had tachycardia with no signs of dehydration. Pulse rate was 110 per minute. She had fine tremor, proximal muscle weakness, and asymmetric smooth goiter and hyperplasia in the right thyroid gland. Thyroid function tests confirmed the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism. Although hypercalcemia may be detected in patients with thyrotoxicosis, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of thyroid hemiagenesis accompanying hypercalcemia due to thyrotoxicosis.
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PMID:Hypercalcemia due to Graves' disease in a patient with thyroid hemiagenesis. 1985 96

We present a highly unusual and interesting case of coexistent hyperparathyroidism and sarcoidosis leading to hypercalcaemia. A 70 year old female presented with weight loss, constipation and dehydration. Investigations revealed marked hypercalcaemia with a non-suppressed PTH. In view of the degree of hypercalcaemia as well as the unintentional weight loss, investigations for malignancy were conducted -these were negative. Parathyroid imaging was then requested and an adenoma was identified. Surprisingly, surgery revealed the coexistence of a parathyroid adenoma with the unexpected finding of sarcoid granulomas within the parathyroid and thyroid glands. To our knowledge, this is the first such case reported. Further imaging confirmed pulmonary sarcoidosis and a serum ACE was elevated. Serum calcium levels did not respond to parathyroidectomy but eventually fell with steroid therapy.
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PMID:Sarcoid granulomas in the parathyroid gland - a case of dual pathology: hypercalcaemia due to a parathyroid adenoma and coexistent sarcoidosis with granulomas located within the parathyroid adenoma and thyroid gland. 2055 94

The effects of two transportation periods on physio- metabolic hemodynamic changes and gaseous exchange in commercial swine during transportation to the slaughterhouse was studied in 684 pigs, 357 barrows and 327 gilts, transported in 2 groups for 8 and 16 h. Transportation caused an increase of oxygen consumption and body temperature, a decrease in pH, lactic acid accumulation. Both transportation periods caused higher than normal plasma glucose levels, lactic acidosis and evidence of dehydration. The linear regression analysis for pigs transported for 8h indicates that the PO(2,) lactate and Ca(++) variables correlated negatively with the PCO(2.) Whilst the animals that were transported for 16 h had negative correlations between glucose, and calcium, hematocrit, lactate and potassium levels. It was concluded that regardless of transport time acidosis, hypocapnia, hypoxaemia, hypernatraemia, hypercalcaemia, hyperglycemia, lactacidemia and increased hematocrit levels occurred.
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PMID:Changes in blood constituents of swine transported for 8 or 16 h to an Abattoir. 2073 49


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