Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Squamous cell cancer of the pancreas is a rare variant of pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma. This tumor has not been reported to be associated with hypercalcemia in the absence of primary hyperparathyroidism or bone metastases. We present a patient with pancreatic squamous cell carcinoma who presented with intractable hypercalcemia, had normal parathormone levels, and was found at autopsy to have normal parathyroid glands and no evidence of bony metastases. A review of squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas and pancreatic neoplasms associated with hypercalcemia is presented.
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PMID:Squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas associated with hypercalcemia. 712 33

A case of metastatic epidermoid carcinoma arising in benign cystic teratoma of the ovary is reported. The clinical course was complicated by severe hypercalcemia and respiratory distress due to associated diffuse calcification of the lungs. Presumptive evidence is presented to show that prostaglandin E found in the tumor was the cause of the hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Hypercalcemia associated with epidermoid carcinoma in ovarian cystic teratoma. 724 31

In a 71-year-old woman with primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid, marked leukocytosis (26,000 to 87,000/mm3), in which about 90% were mature neutrophils, was observed. Hypercalcemia (about 12 mg/100 ml) was also observed with the serum inorganic phosphate within normal limits. The serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) was undetectable. The thyroid tumor was successfully transplanted to athymic nude mice at autopsy. Marked leukocytosis and hypercalcemia was reproduced in the tumor-bearing nude mice. The result indicates that the thyroid cancer was secreting humoral factors(s) producing leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. The association of leukocytosis and hypercalcemia has been reported in the two similar cases of squamous cell carcinoma, in which the tumor was proven to secrete colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Leukocytosis and hypercalcemia may thus form a new paraneoplastic syndrome.
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PMID:Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid associated with marked leukocytosis and hypercalcemia. 729 15

Hypercalcemia and leukocytosis are often associated with primary lung cancer as a paraneoplastic syndrome. Recently, parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) have been identified as major causative peptides for hypercalcemia and leukocytosis, respectively. We studied four men with advanced primary lung cancer (stages from IIIA to IV) who presented with hypercalcemia (corrected serum calcium levels: 10.5 mg/dl) and leukocytosis (WBC > 10,000 per mm3). The age of the patients ranged from 59 to 79 years old. The pathological subtypes were squamous cell carcinoma in three and adenocarcinoma in one. The mean serum calcium levels and leukocyte counts were 15.8 +/- 1.4 mg/dl (mean +/- SE) and 24,800 +/- 3,253 cells/mm3 (mean +/- SE), respectively. Abnormally high serum levels of PTHrP and G-CSF were found in three patients (mean +/- SE: 137 +/- 68 pg/ml; normal range in human serum, < 16 pg/ml), and in all four (mean +/- SE: 72 +/- 7.7 pg/ml; normal range in human serum, < 20 pg/ml), respectively. Immuno-histochemical examination of cancerous tissue obtained from these patients showed positive staining for both PTHrP and G-CSF within the cytoplasm of all the cancerous tissue. These results suggest that the association of hypercalcemia and leukocytosis in patients with advanced primary lung cancer is caused by production of both PTHrP and G-CSF by cancerous tissue.
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PMID:[Simultaneous production of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in lung cancer patients with hypercalcemia and leukocytosis]. 753 68

Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) is expressed in a large number of tumors and is the mediator of parathyroid hormone-like effects seen in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. The gene coding for PTHRP has been localised to the short arm of chromosome 12. This is at the same region as the oncogene KRAS2, and amplification of KRAS2 has previously been found in human lung cancer. The BEN cell line which is known to express PTHRP was established from a patient who had squamous cell carcinoma of the lung with hypercalcemia. Cytogenetic analysis of the BEN cell line revealed a very complex karyotype with many marker chromosomes. Chromosomal in situ hybridization with biotinylated DNA probes visualized by a biotin-streptavidin-polyalkaline-phosphatase complex was used to analyse two dicentric marker chromosomes containing homogeneously staining regions (hsr) in BEN. The hsr were found to contain amplified PTHRP and KRAS2 at levels of 30-fold and 14-fold per cell, respectively. The higher level of amplification of the PTHRP gene would suggest that PTHRP is the target gene of amplification in the amplicon. This is the first report of gene amplification of PTHRP and in addition its co-amplification with KRAS2.
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PMID:Co-amplification of the gene for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) and KRAS2 in a human lung cancer cell line. 769 47

Primary thymic carcinoma is a rare neoplasm that in contradistinction to thymoma, is not supposed to be associated with a paraneoplastic syndrome. A 73-year-old man, with new onset of disorientation, was found to have an elevated serum calcium level as the cause. Computed tomography demonstrated a mediastinal mass, pericardial invasion, and metastases to the lung. Examination of a biopsy specimen revealed thymic squamous cell carcinoma. Thus, a paraneoplastic syndrome, in this case hypercalcemia, does not exclude primary carcinoma of the thymus.
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PMID:Squamous cell carcinoma of the thymus with paraneoplastic hypercalcemia. 777 75

In malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) elevated plasma calcium levels are believed to inhibit parathyroid secretion independently of the underlying tumor. This predicts that correction of hypercalcemia should disinhibit circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, irrespective of the underlying disease. We have tested this hypothesis in subjects with multiple myeloma (MM) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with pamidronate. In the MM group, PTH levels returned to normal as hypercalcemia was corrected. In contrast, PTH levels remained low in the SCC group despite a similar fall in plasma calcium. Calcitriol levels were significantly higher and magnesium levels slightly lower in the SCC group than those in the MM group. We conclude that the parathyroid response to the correction of hypercalcemia is blunted in subjects with SCC but not MM. In addition to hypercalcemia, other factors, perhaps related to tumor secretion of PTH-related protein, may therefore contribute to suppressing PTH secretion in MAH due to SCC.
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PMID:Blunted parathyroid response to correction of hypercalcemia in subjects with squamous cell carcinoma. 811 24

PTH-related protein (PTHrP) has been shown to be a major factor responsible for hypercalcemia of malignancy. PTHrP acts via the PTH/PTHrP receptor, and therefore, PTH antagonists might be expected to reverse the hypercalcemia in malignancy. In the present studies, the PTH antagonists [Tyr34]bovine (b) PTH-(7-34)NH2, [D-Trp12,Tyr34]-bPTH-(7-34)NH2, or PTHrP-(7-34)NH2, were administered to hypercalcemic athymic nude mice bearing a human squamous cell carcinoma of the lung in 60- to 500-fold molar excess of a dose of PTHrP-(1-34) known to produce hypercalcemia. The antagonists had no significant effect on serum calcium levels. In an adenylyl cyclase assay using the ROS 17/2.8 cells, a potent PTH antagonist, [Leu11,D-Trp12]PTHrP-(7-34)NH2 was rapidly inactivated in the presence of rat or human plasma. This inactivation by plasma was not blocked by common inhibitors of proteolysis (aprotinin, soybean trypsin inhibitor, and leupeptin). Preliminary studies demonstrated that inactivation of the PTHrP antagonist was caused by a plasma component with an apparent mol wt of 230,000 daltons. The knowledge of the structure of the PTH/PTHrP receptor combined with the identification of a hormone-inactivating plasma factor should facilitate the design of PTH-antagonists that are effective in vivo.
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PMID:Inactivation by plasma may be responsible for lack of efficacy of parathyroid hormone antagonists in hypercalcemia of malignancy. 815 20

A 65-year-old male was admitted with diagnosis of bronchial asthma. On admission, he was orthopneic, cyanotic and distressed. Marked hypoxemia with PaO2 of 31.1 mmHg was noted, but no obvious localized airway obstruction on plain chest X-ray film could be detected. These was minimal response to intensive treatment with steroid in addition to various bronchodilators on the presumed diagnosis of bronchial asthma. Two weeks later, chest X-ray disclosed complete atelectasis of the left lung. Stenosis of the left main bronchus with enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes on chest CT was suggested. Endoscopic examination disclosed complete obstruction of the left main bronchus just beyond the carina and polypoid tumors in the right main bronchus and basal segment bronchus. The biopsy specimens revealed squamous cell carcinoma. Chemotherapy with CDDP and VDS resulted in disappearance of atelectasis after one week and marked relief of respiratory distress. Four months later, at the completion of irradiation therapy, an abdominal tumor associated with pain appeared and bone scintigram showed multiple bone metastases. After four times chemotherapy including CDDP, hypercalcemia and renal hypofunction developed, and the patient died. Autopsy disclosed a tumor in the extrahepatic bile duct, cystic lesions of the pancreas and swelling of subcarinal lymph nodes, but no tumorous lesion in the lung and endobronchial tissue. Histological examination of the extrahepatic bile duct tumor revealed adenosquamous cell carcinoma, with predominantly squamous cell carcinoma. Other metastatic lesions consisted of squamous cell carcinoma. These findings are compatible with pulmonary metastases of adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct.
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PMID:[An autopsy case of adenosquamous cell carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile duct with endobronchial mass obstructing the left main bronchus and masquerading as asthma]. 816 4

Malignant transformation of benign ovarian cystic teratomas has been reported in 0.5 to 2% of cases. Many different types of cancer can develop, including squamous cell carcinoma, which is by far the most frequent (75%). The mean age of diagnosis is over 50 years. Minimal surgical techniques have been increasingly popular and laparoscopic removal of benign ovarian cysts has become common practice. Malignant transformation is rare but needs to be recognized in order to avoid dissemination of malignant cells during surgery. Direct invasion of the adjacent pelvic structures and small intestine represents the most common mode of spread. Survival is not improved by post-operative radiotherapy or adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with extracapsular disease. We report two cases, one of which presented with spontaneous ovarian abscess and paraneoplastic hypercalcemia.
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PMID:[Malignant epidermoid degeneration of dermoid cysts of the ovary. Apropos of 2 cases]. 825 50


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