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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The VX-2 carcinoma in 32 New Zealand white rabbits was studied morphologically with respect to the osseous effects induced by the innoculation and subsequent growth of tumour in the soft tissues over periods ranging from 1 to 5 weeks. Although more severe changes were noted in bones of tumor-bearing than in non-tumor-bearing limbs, effects could be seen in both experimental situations. Severe bone marrow hyperplasia was noted consistently in tumor-bearing animals. A marked increase in numbers of osteoclasts over control rabbit bones was observed along the surface of bones near and distant from the tumor. Resorptive changes were also noted in the cortex of tumor-bearing rabbits. The increase in osteoclast numbers was related chronologically to the development of hypercalcemia and was proportional to the degree of hypercalcemia at the time the animals died. The number of osteoclasts was inversely proportional to the serum creatinine. A diminution of osteoclast numbers was noted in the latter stages of the disease. These changes may be the morphologic expression of humoral hypercalcemia accompanying the VX-2 carcinoma.
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PMID:Changes in bone and bone marrow of rabbits bearing the VX-2 carcinoma. A comparison of local and distant effects. 86 13

Opinion is divided as to the necessary extent of parathyroid resection in primary hyperparathyroidism. Some surgeons urge that subtotal parathyroidectomy be performed routinely, while others reserve subtotal resections for patients with parathyroid hyperplasia. In a review of 102 patients treated by parathyroidectomy for primary hyperparathyroidism and subsequently followed up for an average of 6 years, there were 73 patients with parathyroid adenoma, 26 with hyperplasia and 3 with carcinoma. The adenoma was not found at the first operation in only 3 cases; in the other 70 after removal of the adenoma no further hypercalcaemia was observed during the follow-up period. Persistent or recurrent hypercalcaemia was a problem in 9 out of the 26 patients with primary hyperplasia who had inadequate resection at the first operation, and also in the 3 patients with carcinoma. Experience shows that peroperative biopsy with frozen section of all the parathyroids is useful in confirming their identity and can be a guide to the type of disease present and the appropriate extent of resection.
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PMID:Parathyroidectomy: extent of resection and late results. 89 Feb 55

In rabbits bearing the prostaglandin-producing VX2 carcinoma, the plasma concentration of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGE2 (PGE2-M) was elevated within one week after tumor implantation and preceded the development of hypercalcemia. Both the rate of rise and magnitude of the increase were greater for the metabolite than for PGE2; at the time of peak hyercalcemia (about 4 to 5 weeks after tumor implantation), the increase over basal in plasma PGE2-M was about 75 fold whereas it was previously shown that the increase in PGE2 was less than 2 fold. Indomethacin, which inhibits PGE2 synthesis in VX2 cells in culture, lowered in parallel plasma calcaium and PGE2-M in tumor-bearing rabbits. Administration of hydrocortisone to rabbits bearing the VX2 tumor prevented the development of hypercalcemia when given at the time of tumor implantation and reversed the elevated plasma calcium in previously untreated animals; the steroid hormone also lowered plasma concentrations of PGE2-M. These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that the hypercalcemic syndrome in VX2 tumor-bearing rabbits is due to the secretion of PGE2 by the tumor.
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PMID:Plasma concentrations of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin E2 in rabbits bearing the VX2 carcinoma: effects of hydrocortisone and indomethacin. 89 22

Prostaglandin biosynthesis and metabolism were studied in the VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbit, an animal model of prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia. All the identification and quantification of the prostaglandins were done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The tumor incubated in vitro converted exogeneous arachidonic acid principally to PGE2. Biosynthesis from endogenous precursor lipids yields mainly PGE2 and PGF2alpha. The 100,000 x g supernatant fluid of the tumor did not contain any metabolizing enzymes. Significant hypercalcemia developed between the first and second week after tumor implantation. The levels of the major plasma metabolite of PGE2, 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2, became elevated at one week, had risen 25-fold by the end of the second week, and at the fourth week were elevated to 256 times the pre-incubation levels. The concentration of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGF2alpha in plasma rose in parallell but to a lesser degree. 7alpha-hydroxy-5,11-diketotetranor-prostane-1,16-dioic acid, the major urinary metabolite of the E prostaglandins, was elevated two weeks after tumor implantation and rose until the fifth week. Indomethacin treatment lowered both serum calcium and the plasma level of 15-keto-13,14-dihydro-PGE2.
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PMID:Prostaglandin-mediated hypercalcemia in the VX2 carcinoma-bearing rabbit. 89 23

Described here is a patient with esophageal carcinoma who had hypercalcemia, an elevated serum level of parathyroid hormone and normal parathyroid glands. A review of the literature reveals that a total of 25 other patients with ectopic hyperparathyroidism in esophageal malignancy have been described, four of whom had documented elevations of serum parathyroid hormone levels. Esophageal neoplasms should be added to the list of tumors associated with ectopic secretion of parathyroid hormone.
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PMID:Ectopic hyperparathyroidism (pseudohyperparathyroidism) in esophageal malignancy. Report of a case and a review of the literature. 93 65

Three cases demonstrating the coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism and breast carcinoma with the disappearance of hypercalcemia following removal of parathyroid adenomas are presented. In these cases, the patients had the typical diagnostic findings of primary hyperparathyroidism. Reluctance to perform neck explorations in such patients does not appear warranted.
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PMID:Primary hyperparathyroidism and breast cancer. 93 66

Rabbits receiving intramuscular injections of VX-2 carcinoma cells in biceps femoris muscles developed rapidly progressive neoplastic growths at 14 to 21 days associated with a significant hypercalcemia. The biologic behavior of the VX-2 carcinoma was characterized by local infiltration and metastases to regional lymph nodes and lungs. No metastases to skeletal tissues were evident. Femora from intramuscularly injected rabbits had varying degrees of osteophytosis and lysis evident roentgenographically. Histopathologic evaluation of femoral sections revealed periosteal new bone growth, cortical osteolysis, endosteal new bone growth, and in a few long term rabbits, pathologic fractures. Bone lesions were evident histologically in the vicinity of neoplastic growth (i.e., femora, tibiae) but not at distant sites (i.e., humeri and vertebrae). Mineral analyses of VX-2 carcinoma tissues and kidneys from VX-2-bearing rabbits revealed concentrations of calcium 83 and 3 times greater, respectively, than those of skeletal muscle and kidneys from controls. These findings correlated well with histochemical evidence of excessive amounts of calcium in sections of kidneys and VX-2 carcinoma tissues. Rabbits receiving intraperitoneal injections of VX-2 carcinoma cells did not develop hypercalcemia despite an extensive, progressive neoplastic burden with metastases to abdominal and thoracic viscera. Roentgenographic, histopathologic, and physiochemical analyses of selected bones from these rabbits revealed no significant alterations. These findings indicate that VX-2 carcinoma cells need to be in close proximity to skeletal tissues in order to induce hypercalcemia. The development of a significant hypercalcemia in intramuscularly injected rabbits precedes the invasion of osseous tissues by VX-2 carcinoma cells. Therefore, it appears that VX-2 carcinoma cells have the ability to alter skeletal morphology and physiochemistry through a dual humoral/cellular mechanism. The clinicopathologic characteristics of the VX-2 carcinoma in the rabbit suggest that the neoplasm is a good experimental model to study osseous-mediated hypercalcemia of malignancy.
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PMID:Hypercalcemic VX-2 carcinoma in rabbits: a clinicopathologic study. 94 Mar 20

The pathology, particularly the ocular pathology, is described in a 42-year-old mildly retarded man with a history of vomiting in infancy. He had an elfin-like face. He died having a pancreatic carcinoma. At autopsy, a supravalvular aortic stenosis and a hypoplastic aorta found clinically were confirmed. Stainings for calcium were positive in the aortic wall, the kidneys, the adrenals and the spleen. In the eyes, calcium was found in the corneal epithelium and endothelium, in corneal keratocytes and stroma, in conjunctival epithelium and in the sclera. Electron microscopy of the eyes revealed that calcium was deposited as hydroxyapatite intracellularly in aggregations of needle-like crystals and extracellularly as spherules morphologically different from the intracellular deposits. Although the serum values of calcium in this patient were normal during his adult life, the histopathological examination indicates an earlier period of raised serum calcium. We find it probable that he had idiopathic hypercalcaemia in infancy, thereby connecting this infantile condition with the elfin face and supravalvular aortic stenosis. In similar cases, the use of the above-mentioned technique is recommended for revealing abnormal calcium storage post-mortem and in vivo (by conjunctival biopsy) in order to substantiate the diagnosis of hypercalcaemia.
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PMID:Ocular pathology in the elfin face syndrome (the Fanconi-Schlesinger type of idiopathic hypercalcaemia of infancy). Histochemical and ultrastructural study of a case. 95 67

A free health check, offered to 21417 20-63-year-old employees of the Stockholm City and County Council in 1971-73, was accepted by 15903 persons. The examination included a multichannel chemical analysis of a single blood sample. Serum calcium levels greater than or equal to 11.0 mg/100 ml (2.75 mmol/l) and greater than or equal to 11.1 mg/100 ml (2.78 mmol/l) were encountered in 3.9% and 1.1% of the population, respectively. Among subjects below 50 years of age, the calcium concentration was significantly higher in males than in females. This difference disappeared in older subjects, essentially because the calcium level decreased with advancing age in the men. To a further investigation were invited 178 subjects with a single serum calcium registration greater than or equal to 11.1 mg/100 ml (2.78 mmol/l). Of this group, 95 persons (53.4%) exhibited hypercalcaemia (HC) on repeated testing. Twelve had been operated on prior to the actural follow-up and found to have parathyroid adenomata. Twenty subjects were on continuous treatment with diuretics of the thiazide type and seven had diseases that might induce HC (two had hyperthyroidism, two hypothyroidism, one sarcoidosis, one hypernephroma and one mammary carcinoma). In 56 patients the laboratory and physical examinations did not reveal any obvious cause for the HC except possible hyperparathyoidism (HPT). Eighty (84.2%) of the 95 HC subjects were women, mostly over 50 years. The 95 persons constituted 6% of the total number of health-screened persons. The highest prevalence, 13%, was recorded for women aged 60-63. The prevalence of HPT in the total material was 3.6%, which is higher than that found in several other studies. This is based on surgical findings to date.
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PMID:Prevalence of hypercalcaemia in a health screening in Stockholm. 96 67

Electrolyte-induced situations which are dangerous to life usually result from disturbances of the extracellular volume (ECV), osmolarity, the potassium level or the acid-base equilibrium. In recent years (thanks to the wide spread use of hormone therapy for mammary carcinoma) severe hypercalcemia has increased in importance as a life-threatening complication, while hypocalcemia, at least in adults, should only very seldom lead to unexpected emergencies. As long as serious clinical symptoms do not suggest an emergency, assessment of the threat to the patient as a result of the existing electrolyte disturbance often causes some difficulty. Besides the extent of the deviation from normal, the rate of development of the disturbance determines the resulting danger: chronic hypo-osmolarity, and especially hyperosmolarity are occasionally tolerated without symptoms while acute disturbances of the same or a less extent lead to severe central nervous symptoms. A similar state of affairs is also true of the emergency situations arising from disturbances of the acid-base equilibrium, among which the respiratory disorders are particularly important clinically. In the case of threatening disorders of the potassium metabolism, the accompanying circumstances (digitalis, simultaneous disorders and treatment of the acid-base equilibrium) often determine the clinical significance and danger to the patient. Clinical symptoms, anticipation ("expecting the unexpected"), prevention and treatment of emergency situations of fluid volume, osmolarity, potassium and acid-base equilibrium are the subjects of this paper.
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PMID:[Emergency stiuations connected with electrolyte disorders. Special aspects]. 99 9


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