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Query: UMLS:C0020437 (hypercalcemia)
 10,293 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hypercalcemia is a relatively common problem seen in the presence of malignancy, and is the most common life-threatening metabolic disorder in patients with cancer. In the hospitalized patient, malignancy is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is estimated that hypercalcemia occurs in 10% to 20% of patients with cancer. Usually, it is a sign of advanced disease. Approximately 85% of patients with cancer and hypercalcemia will have disease metastatic to bone. The remaining 15%, however, will have some other etiology for their hypercalcemia, typically squamous carcinomas of the head and neck, esophagus, and lung. This type of hypercalcemia has been termed humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy and has been associated with the secretion of various cytokines, including parathyroid hormone-related protein. In this case report, the authors document the production of parathyroid hormone-related protein by an adenocarcinoma-cholangiocarcinoma. This is documented both by measurement of the protein in the patient's serum and staining of the protein within the tumor by a monoclonal antibody. A general discussion of hypercalcemia and malignancy also is provided.
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PMID:Case report: cholangiocarcinoma and hypercalcemia. 817 29

Although hypercalcemia is a serious and frequent complication of lung cancer, it is not commonly investigated in our country. We studied the prevalence of hypercalcemia in 90 random lung cancer patients from the Department of Pneumology, Escola Paulista de Medicina. The following histological types were found: 35 Squamous cells carcinomas (CEC), 30 Adenocarcinomas (AdenoCa), 11 Small cells carcinomas (CIPC), 2 Large cells carcinomas (TGC), 1 Carcinoid, 1 Mesothelioma, 2 Undifferentiated carcinomas, 1 Adenosquamous, 1 in situ carcinoma and 4 metastatic tumors. Ionized Ca (Ca-i) was measured in blood samples of all patients. Hyperparathyroidism was excluded by PTH and cAMP determinations in the hypercalcemic patients (Ca-i > 1.29 mmol/L). We found elevated levels of Ca-i (range = 1.30 to 2.0 mmol/L) in 18 patients (20%), being: 12 CEC (66.7%), 3 AdenoCa (16.7%), 2 CIPC (11.1%) and 1 TGC (5.6%). The PTH levels were low or suppressed in all 18 patients, but cAMP determinations were elevated in 6 out of 12 patients. Hypercalcemia is then a very frequent complication of lung cancer (20%), and PTH measurement was able to exclude a hyperparathyroidism in all cases studied.
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PMID:[Prevalence of hypercalcemia in patients with lung cancer]. 824 7

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is a major factor in the pathophysiology of hypercalcaemia of malignancy. Recent evidence suggests that PTHrP may play an important role in the growth and differentiation of neoplastic as well as non-neoplastic cells. PTHrP was originally detected in normal fetal, but not adult, liver. We have used immunocytochemistry to show that reactive human bile ductules expressing a neuroendocrine phenotype contain immunoreactive PTHrP. These observations raised the possibility that PTHrP immunoreactivity may be useful in the differential diagnosis of primary liver tumours and metastases of adenocarcinoma. A total of 24 primary liver tumours and 22 metastases of adenocarcinoma were studied. All cholangiocarcinomas showed immunopositivity for PTHrP and chromogranin A, while all hepatocellular carcinomas were negative for PTHrP and showed only focal and weak positivity for chromogranin A. Mixed types of primary liver tumour contained PTHrP immunoreactivity only in the areas of cholangiocellular differentiation. Moreover, all metastatic adenocarcinomas were negative for PTHrP and chromogranin A except for two out of five metastatic breast adenocarcinomas. These two patients had bone metastases and hypercalcaemia and thus did not yield differential diagnostic problems with cholangiocarcinoma. None of the patients with cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma had hypercalcaemia. We conclude that PTHrP is a useful marker for primary cholangiocarcinoma, especially in the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Parathyroid hormone-related peptide expression in primary and metastatic liver tumours. 831 35

We report a rare case of Turner's syndrome coexisting with thyrotoxicosis and parathyroid adenocarcinoma resulting in hyperparathyroidism. This 45-year-old female patient presented with primary amenorrhea and poor development of secondary sexual characteristics. She also experienced repeated bone fractures, and body weight loss. Multiple risk factors of osteoporosis developed simultaneously in this patient. The interesting interactive relationship of hypercalcemia between thyrotoxicosis and primary hyperparathyroidism was noted. The best choice was surgery for both cases. Calcium supplements and various hormone replacements in addition to regular investigative radionuclide scans were required.
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PMID:[Primary hyperparathyroidism with parathyroid adenocarcinoma in a patient with Turner's syndrome complicated with thyrotoxicosis]. 833 57

We reported first in this study that human thyroid cell line NIM 1 established from a patient with papillary adenocarcinoma of the thyroid associated with hypercalcemia and peripheral neutrocytosis produced interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and IL-1 beta in the culture supernatant and cell lysate as detected by murine thymocyte proliferative response and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Production of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta was further confirmed by the demonstration of IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta messenger ribonucleic acid expression with Northern blot hybridization analysis. The in vitro growth of NIM 1 cells was inhibited by the addition of anti-IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta antibody. The growth of NIM 1 cells was further enhanced by the addition of recombinant human IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta, whereas this enhancement was also inhibited by the addition of anti-IL-1 antibody. IL-1 receptors were expressed on NIM 1 cells. These results suggest that IL-1 plays a regulatory role in the growth of NIM 1 cells by an autocrine mechanism.
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PMID:Autocrine stimulation of interleukin-1 in the growth of human thyroid carcinoma cell line NIM 1. 842 Oct 76

We examined the activity of UFT, ADM and MMC, which are used for colon tumors, in terms of their prolongation of the survival period, growth inhibition of the primary tumor and improvement of cachexia in murine cancer cachexia model. The mean survival period of Colon 26, mouse adenocarcinoma bearing mice was 25.0 +/- 4.9 days. The maximal ILS value of the UFT administered group was 103.2%, against 7.2 and 26.0%, respectively, ADM and MMC maximal ILS value. For therapeutic activity of hypercalcemia, UFT was superior to other drugs, although all drugs showed equivalent tumor growth inhibitory activity. These findings indicate that UFT can prolong the survival period due to improvement of cancer cachexia. Therefore, we measured plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) and found that UFT-administration lowered the plasma IL-6 level more than other drugs. Moreover, the prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) level in the tumor was significantly decreased only by UFT-administration. Since PGE2 has been shown to enhance IL-6 production from Colon 26 in vitro, it was speculated that UFT improve cachexia and prolongs life by decreased IL-6 resulting from decreased PGE2.
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PMID:[Prolongation of survival and antitumor activity of antitumor drugs in murine cancer cachexia model]. 867 37

Secretion by tumours of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in quantities sufficient to raise circulating levels results in the syndrome of humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM). Since HHM is commonly associated with squamous carcinoma of lung and rarely with adenocarcinoma or lung neuroendocrine tumours, immunopositivity was related to tumour type, to assess whether this difference was due to a low general incidence of PTHrP expression in the latter two groups. Seventy-six of 82 tumours were immunopositive: 22 of 22 squamous carcinomas, 21 of 25 small cell lung carcinomas, 14 of 15 carcinoids, and 19 of 20 adenocarcinomas. These data confirm and extend previous observations on squamous and neuroendocrine tumours but are in contrast with previous findings in adenocarcinoma, which have suggested that only a small proportion of cases express the peptide. They suggest that the differences in incidence of HHM in the various tumour types are due to patterns of secretion, rather than differences in expression of PTHrP. The second aim of this study was therefore to assess whether tumours immunopositive for PTHrP, but not associated with HHM, might secrete PTHrP at levels which might result in more subtle changes in calcium metabolism. Preoperative calcium levels were analysed in a series of 56 patients with immunopositive lung tumours of all types. One small cell carcinoma was associated with hypercalcaemia, but there was no evidence of any other alteration in serum calcium. These data indicate that the majority of tumours expressing PTHrP do not secrete it in amounts sufficient to alter calcium metabolism.
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PMID:Lung tumours immunoreactive for parathyroid hormone related peptide: analysis of serum calcium levels and tumour type. 869 17

A 47-year old woman was referred to our hospital with nausea, vomiting and the loss of body weight. Pelvic computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging revealed an invasive bladder tumor on the left lateral wall, accompanied with calcification. Laboratory examination revealed marked hypercalcemia (20.6 mg/dl) and elevated serum parathyroid hormone-related protein-intact (29.9 pmol/l), which was apparently produced by the tumor. Treatment with pamidronate and colloid infusion resulted in normocalcemia. Anterior pelvic exenteration was performed. Histopathological diagnosis was transitional cell carcinoma > adenocarcinoma, G3, pT4pN2M0, stage IV. She died of cancer 7 months postoperatively.
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PMID:[Bladder carcinoma presenting with hypercalcemia: a case report]. 908 50

The effect of humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy (HHM) on parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTH/PTHrP) receptor expression was investigated in nude mice with subcutaneous transplantation of an adenocarcinoma line (CAC-8) which produces PTHrP. Serum calcium and PTHrP concentrations were analysed by colorimetric assay and a two-site IRMA respectively. Mice were hypercalcaemic (3.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) compared with non-tumour-bearing control mice (2.1 +/- 0.1 mmol/l) and had elevated serum PTHrP concentrations (30.4 +/- 3.4 pmol/l) compared with nontumour-bearing control mice (0.7 +/- 0.1 pmol/l). Lumbar vertebrae were analysed by histomorphometry. Tumour-bearing mice had a significant (P < 0.01) increase in resorptive perimeter, increased numbers of osteoclasts/mm endosteum and increased endosteal bone-forming perimeter. Total RNA was isolated from calvarium, humerus and kidney and analysed for PTH/PTHrP receptor expression by Northern blot analysis. There was no significant difference between PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA expression in the kidney and humeri of tumour-bearing mice compared with non-tumour control mice, but a significant increase in PTH/PTHrP receptor expression in calvaria. Kidneys and vertebral bodies were stained for PTH/PTHrP receptor protein by immunohistochemistry. Renal proximal tubules (especially the basolateral regions) and endosteal osteoblasts of control and tumour-bearing mice stained positive for PTH/PTHrP receptor. These results demonstrated that HHM induced by increased serum PTHrP concentrations did not result in down-regulation of PTH/PTHrP receptor mRNA or protein expression in vivo.
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PMID:Parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related protein receptor expression in nude mice with a transplantable canine apocrine adenocarcinoma (CAC-8) and humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy. 913 77

Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) is involved in cell proliferation in both neoplastic and non-neoplastic tissues. We describe an autopsy case of gastric cancer in a patient who showed serum hypercalcemia and overexpression of PTHrP and PTH/PTHrP receptor in the metastatic tumor cells. The primary gastric tumor was poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and multiple metastases were present in the bone, multiple visceral organs, peritoneum, and lymph nodes. PTHrP and its mRNA were detected only in the metastatic tumor cells, but not in primary gastric tumor. PTH/PTHrP receptor was also demonstrated immunohistologically in metastatic tumor cells. This case suggests that the expression of PTHrP is related to tumor progression and the poor prognosis in tumors associated with humoral hypercalcemia.
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PMID:Gastric cancer associated with overexpression of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) and PTH/PTHrP receptor in relation to tumor progression. 921 56


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