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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Similarities in anomalous perception of internal gastric states and sensitivity to distraction among the obese to variations in perceptual reactance suggest that the obese tend to augment the intensity of visceral cues associated with hunger. It was hypothesized that the obese would be overrepresented at the augmenter end of the perceptual reactance continuum. Thirteen obese (six male, seven female) and 14 nonobese (eight male, six female) college students participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by degree of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KFA). A highly significant relationship in the predicted direction was observed for perceptual reactance category and mean percent weight deviation. Additionally, there was a highly significant interaction of sex by category, with the hypothesized relationship intensified for the female Ss. Results supported interpretation of obesity as a consequence of animalous perception of cues associated with consuming behavior.
J Gen Psychol 1978 Apr
PMID:Obesity and perceptual reactance. 55 89

Mongolian gerbils (42 male, 42 female) were tested for presence of a special hunger for minerals. Three groups were fed a mineral-free mash which contained a cation exchange resin and chelator. Three additional groups received the same mash but with a nonnutritive fiber in place of the resin and chelator. For 15 days, one group in each dietary plan was given ad libitum choice between a mineral solution and distilled water (DW). A second group in each arrangement drank only DW, and the third received just the mineral solution. All gerbils fed the fiber, as well as the animals given only the mineral solution while fed the exchanger, survived the period and showed nil or mild weight losses. In contrast, the two groups given either fluid choice or DW alone while receiving the exchanger survived the period in 43 percent and 29 percent of the cases, respectively; and the survivors exhibited marked decrements in body weight.
J Gen Psychol 1976 Oct
PMID:Inadequate saline selection by Mongolian gerbils fed a cation exchange resin in the diet. 100 88

Smokers (n = 315) who wished to quit were randomly assigned in a double-blind manner to groups using either nicotine or placebo gum. Self-reported and observed symptoms of tobacco withdrawal were collected before cessation and at follow-ups of 1 to 2 weeks, 1 month, and 6 months. Self-reported and/or observed anger, anxiety, craving, difficulty concentrating, hunger, impatience, and restlessness were the most prominent symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. These symptoms had returned to precessation levels by 1 month except increased weight, hunger, and craving continued for 6 months in many smokers. Nicotine gum decreased most symptoms, including craving and hunger but not weight. Abstinent smokers with more intense withdrawal were not more likely to relapse. Abstinent smokers who gained more weight were less likely to relapse.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 Jan
PMID:Symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. A replication and extension. 198 62

Choice behavior under a concurrent VR-FR schedule of reinforcement was investigated in two experiments to test a molar theory of maximization. Hunger-motivated albino rats pressed two bars, one on an FR10 and the other on a VR10 schedule, for a food reward. With the total number of experiences with each bar equated and interalternative switching eliminated during training, the study showed that during the choice test, the animals made significantly more responses to the VR than to the FR alternative, allocating about 75% of their responses to the VR alternative. The results suggest that, given an equal return of reward in the long run, the animals preferred a variable to a constant alternative in a choice situation. The findings are discussed in terms of a molar theory of maximization and a schedule-appropriate behavior interpretation of choice.
J Gen Psychol 1990 Jan
PMID:Effects of ratio reinforcement schedules on choice behavior. 231 83

To obtain objective information about binge- and non-binge-eating behavior, 12 women with bulimia and ten women without eating problems (controls) were asked to eat four meals in a structured laboratory setting, on separate nonconsecutive days. The same instructions were given to both groups. On two days, they were asked to eat a normal amount, and on two days, they were asked to eat as much as they could, ie, to binge. For each type of instruction, they were given a single- and a multiple-course meal. The patients ate significantly more than the controls when asked to binge, both on the multiple-course meals that they rated as typical of binges and on the single-course meals. When they were asked to eat normally, there was no significant difference in intake between patients and controls on either single- or multiple-course meals. After all meals, hunger ratings of patients were significantly higher than hunger ratings of controls. There was also a significant positive correlation between intakes of single- and multiple-course binge meals and an inverse correlation between intake of multiple-course binge meals in bulimic patients and their rating of how well they controlled their eating. Thus, a structured laboratory eating situation can be used to reveal differences between bulimic and normal individuals and has the potential for assessing clinical status and exploring mechanisms responsible for binge eating.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989 Jan
PMID:Eating behavior of women with bulimia. 291 Feb 21

Hungry adult female deer mice were presented with freshly asphyxiated conspecifics and house mice. The deer mice showed a reliable preference for the conspecific flesh during the first 2 hr of testing, but this preference was attenuated during the following 20 hr of testing. Previous research has shown that male deer mice prefer contraspecific flesh. The preference of female deer mice for conspecific flesh is attributed to their tendency to be more aggressive toward living conspecifics than are male deer mice and their tendency to avoid living contraspecifics more than do male deer mice.
J Gen Psychol 1988 Jul
PMID:Female prairie deer mice prefer conspecific flesh over contraspecific flesh. 340 32

To test the validity, magnitude, and clinical significance of the signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal defined by DSM-III, both observed and reported signs and symptoms were measured in 50 smokers during two days of ad lib smoking and then during the first four days of abstinence. Observer and subject ratings of the DSM-III symptoms of craving for tobacco, irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, and restlessness increased after cessation. In addition, bradycardia, impatience, somatic complaints, insomnia, increased hunger, and increased eating occurred after cessation. The frequency and intensity of these symptoms varied across subjects; however, the average distress from tobacco withdrawal was similar to that observed in psychiatric outpatients. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort were more tolerant to the cardiovascular effects of nicotine. Subjects who had more withdrawal discomfort did not have a lower rate of smoking cessation.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986 Mar
PMID:Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal. 395 51

Among the various eating patterns encountered in anorexia nervosa, the occurrence of bulimia (rapid consumption of large amounts of food in a short period of time) is a perplexing phenomenon, because its presence contradicts the common belief that patients with anorexia nervosa are always firm in their abstinence from food. We studied the eating habits of 105 hospitalized female patients within the context of a prospective treatment study on anorexia nervosa: 53% had achieved weight loss by consistently fasting, whereas 47% periodically resorted to bulimia. The two groups were contrasted with regard to their developmental and psychosocial history, clinical characteristics, and psychiatric symptomatology. Fasting patients were more introverted, more often denied hunger, and displayed little overt psychic distress. In contrast, bulimic patients were more extroverted, admitted more frequently to a strong appetite and tended to be older. Vomiting was frequent, and kleptomania almost exclusively present in bulimic patients, who manifested greater anxiety, depression, guilt, interpersonal sensitivity, and had more somatic complaints. This association of bulimia with certain personality features and a distinct psychiatric symptomatology suggests that patients with bulimia form a subgroup among patients with anorexia nervosa.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980 Sep
PMID:Bulimia. Its incidence and clinical importance in patients with anorexia nervosa. 693 87

This study aimed to verify the serum leptin concentration during the terrestrial phase of the Southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) on Elephant Island (South Shetlands, Antarctica). Sera from 25 adult Southern elephant seals were analyzed. Leptin concentration was determined using the 125I radioimmunoassay method. Total protein, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentration were measured by spectrophotometric methods. Seals were grouped by sex and their physiological status (reproducing or molting seals). In reproducing seals, serum concentrations of leptin, total protein, triglycerides, and cholesterol were, respectively, 9.33+/-1.97 ng/ml, 6.87+/-0.09 g/dl, 98.26+/-2.12 mg/dl, and 232.17+/-41.18 mg/dl in males and 5.30+/-1.36 ng/ml, 6.44+/-0.29 g/dl, 109.01+/-3.34 mg/dl, and 219.20+/-26.65 in females (mean+/-1 SD). In molting seals, these values were 2.35+/-1.51 ng/ml, 7.42+/-0.25 mg/dl, 321.10+/-20.01 mg/dl, and 244.66+/-22.24 mg/dl in males and 2.94+/-1.89 ng/ml, 7.88+/-0.46 mg/dl, 197.54 mg/dl, and 224.55+/-16.70 mg/dl in females. In both males and females, there were no significant differences (P>0.05) in total protein and cholesterol concentration between reproducing and molting seals. However, both males and females showed higher leptin concentration (P<0.05) and lower triglyceride concentration (P<0.05) in the reproductive period than in the molt period. In the reproductive period, it was expected that the Southern elephant seal shows an inhibited hunger sensation, mobilizes stored energy, and stimulates the HPG axis. Results from the present study support this hypothesis and suggest that this strategy may be effected by the hormonal stimulation of leptin.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2004 Nov
PMID:Serum leptin concentration during the terrestrial phase of the Southern elephant seal Mirounga leonina (Carnivora: Phocidae). 1550 91

When rat or human ghrelin is administered to chickens or rats it stimulates the release of growth hormone, however, its effects on food intake differ between the two species. To investigate this discrepancy, we measured plasma ghrelin concentrations before and after food intake, and determined the effects of central (intracerebroventricular, icv) and peripheral (intraperitoneal, ip) injections of various ghrelin doses on food intake and body temperature in the Japanese quail. In control quails, plasma ghrelin levels were significantly increased in the fasting state; subsequent feeding produced a reduction, suggesting that ghrelin may act as an orexigenic signal in Japanese quails as well as mammals. Food intake was stimulated by ip, but not icv, injections of small doses of ghrelin, whereas both ip and icv injections of larger doses inhibited feeding. A large dose of ghrelin also increased body temperature. These results suggest that an increase in peripheral ghrelin may act as a hunger signal to induce food intake through stimulation of the afferent vagal nerve in the Japanese quail, as in rats, whereas central ghrelin may inhibit feeding in different ways in the two species.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005 Apr
PMID:Different effects of peripheral and central ghrelin on regulation of food intake in the Japanese quail. 1574 19


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