Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Four adolescents or young adults with the Prader-Willi syndrome (hypotonia, mental retardation, hypogonadism and obesity) received a protein-sparing modified fast consisting of 1.5 g of meat protein per kilogram of ideal body weight and meeting vitamin, mineral and fluid requirements. Evaluation of nitrogen and energy metabolism revealed the development of starvation ketosis and a positive nitrogen balance. Serial whole-body potassium measurements in two patients confirmed preservation of lean tissue despite continuing loss of weight. Clinical diabetes mellitus in two subjects was rapidly ameliorated by the regimen. Short-term weight loss greater than 18 kg occurred in three of the four subjects, and reduced weight persisted during observation periods of 26 to 44 months. This degree of outpatient diet adherence by mentally deficient subjects, who do not normally experience satiety, suggests that hunger is eliminated or at least reduced by modified, protein-sparing fasting.
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PMID:Metabolic aspects of a protein-sparing modified fast in the dietary management of Prader-Willi obesity. 84 Feb 78

In a group of nine healthy but obese women a set of tests were used to estimate several physiological and psycho-physiological variables: self-rating of hunger, mood and physical vigor, self-recording of grip-strength, muscular fatigue test, eye-hand skill, tempo, etc. Measurements were performed every 6-hours, at fixed times, during 24-hours, once a week, before (non-restricted spontaneous food intake) and for three weeks on a 220 cal. special protein diet (calcium caseinate: 55g, associated with potassium salts, water and vitamins). Findings relating to the metabolic and hormonal variables while on this diet have already been reported: (a) The diet does not alter the circadian acrophase (peak) of the variables and (b) two distinct metabolic steps occur: first a peak of gluconeogenesis and second, a phase when ketone bodies and fatty acids are used almost exclusively as source of fuel. The present findings show that so long as nitrogen remains in balance this restricted diet (a) does not change the grip strength and the muscular fatigue test; (b) does not alter the mood, the physical vigor etc. and (c) induces a statistically significant fall in "hunger" (self-rating method). We conclude that this low protein diet is compatible with non-strenuous work.
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PMID:A chronobiological investigation of fitness for work in women on a 220 cal 24 h protein diet. 102 34

A protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF), which is a total fast modified by the intake of 1.2-1.4 gm. protein per kilogram ideal body weight (IBW), fluids ad libitum, and vitamin and mineral supplementation, allows effective control of carbohydrate metabolism and hunger. It reduces serum glucose and insulin concentrations in obese diabetic patients and increases free fatty acid and ketone body concentrations; ketonuria appears within 24-72 hours. When this fast was applied to seven obese adult-onset diabetics who were receiving 30-100 units of insulin per day, insulin could be discontinued after 0-19 days (mean, 6.5). In the three patients who had extensive nitrogen-balance studies, balance could be maintained chronically by 1.3 gm. protein per kilogram IBW, despite the gross caloric inadequacy of the diet. The PSMF was tolerated well in an outpatient setting after the initial insulin-withdrawal phase had occurred in the hospital. Significant improvements in blood pressure, lipid abnormalities, parameters of carbohydrate metabolism, and cardiorespiratory, symptoms were associated with weight loss and/or the PSMF. For diabetics with some endogenous insulin reserve, the PSMF offers significant advantages for weight reduction, including preservation of lean body mass (as reflected in nitrogen balance) and withdrawal of exogenous insulin.
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PMID:Nitrogen metabolism and insulin requirements in obese diabetic adults on a protein-sparing modified fast. 127 1

BRL 26830A is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist drug that shows a high degree of selectivity for thermogenesis and has potential as an antiobesity agent. We undertook a double-blind trial in 40 obese subjects who received either BRL 26830A or placebo for 18 wk. All were prescribed a 3.35 MJ (800 kcal) diet. Weight loss was 15.4 +/- 6.6 (SD) kg on BRL 26830A compared with 10.0 +/- 5.9 kg on placebo (P less than 0.02). The relative weight losses were 0.93% and 0.61%/wk, respectively. Urinary nitrogen excretion was similar in both groups and skinfold measurements indicated a 4-kg difference in fat lost, suggesting that weight loss was mainly from adipose tissue. Psychological assessments showed that BRL 26830A had no adverse effect on mood and no effect on hunger or satiety. Tremor was experienced by 12 of 16 treated subjects who completed the study. It was generally rated as mild, occurred 1 h after dosing, and tended to diminish with time on treatment. Subsequent analysis of the tremor suggested that it is an exaggeration of physiological tremor mediated through skeletal muscle beta 2 adrenoceptors.
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PMID:Clinical studies with the beta-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A. 134 90

The importance of carbohydrates in weight reducing regimens on different metabolic aspects is shown by comparing the effects of two extreme dietary regimens: 'ketogenic' diet, consisting primarily of proteins and fat and the 'mixed' diet, containing mainly carbohydrates. The effects on hunger and satiety, weight loss and nitrogen balance are discussed as well as influences on electrolytes, body fluids and the sympathetic system. Hormonal changes of the two dietary regimens and the impact on mood and subjective acceptance are compared. Though no recommendation for a particular dietary regimen is given, the different implications on the parameters described are pointed out.
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PMID:[The significance of carbohydrates in reducing diets]. 268 Sep 91

We compared the metabolic effects of 8-wk caloric restrictions with 330 or 780 kcal/d in two groups of eight obese hospitalized subjects; six control subjects were also studied. Loss of weight but not of adipose tissue was significantly greater on the 330-kcal/d diet. It is likely that dehydration rather than protein catabolism was responsible for additional loss of fat-free mass in the 330-kcal/d group because the nitrogen deficit was not excessive. The thermic response to food was blunted only in the 330-kcal/d group whereas resting oxygen uptake decreased by equal amounts in both groups. There was a decrease in 24-h urinary noradrenaline in the 330-kcal/d group but plasma fT4 was sustained when compared with the 780-kcal/d group; fT3 decreased significantly more quickly in the 330-kcal/d group. There was no correlation between plasma hormone levels and changes in oxygen uptake. Hunger scores were greater on the 780-kcal/d diet.
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PMID:Metabolic response to low- and very-low-calorie diets. 271 12

Eight obese children and adolescents, mean age (+/- SD) 12.0 +/- 2.5 years, were treated for 3 weeks with a liquid formula very low calorie diet (VLCD), containing 320 kcal/1339 kj (44 g protein, 33 g carbohydrate, 0.9 g fat). Weight loss after 3 weeks was 8.0 +/- 1.8 kg resulting in 15.3 +/- 4.6% reduction of body overweight. During the dietary period no patient complained of hunger and no serious side effects were observed. Four patients achieved positive N-balance during the second week, all but one in the third week. Mean cumulative N-balance after 3 weeks was calculated to be -23.2 +/- 31.6 gN. Great interindividual variances were observed in the rate of N-loss during the course of the study. No significant correlation was found between cumulative N-balance and weight loss or initial body weight. Blood parameters remained unaffected, except for glucose and urea, which decreased slightly from 74.6 +/- 13.6 to 50.4 +/- 20.1 mg/dl and from 14.1 +/- 4.3 to 8.6 +/- 7.4 mg/dl, respectively. Uric acid concentrations increased slightly, three of eight patients had levels higher than 8 mg/dl and therefore were treated with allopurinol. Total serum protein decreased; serum albumin values did not change. The type of VLCD used in this study proved therapeutically useful in achieving rapid weight loss. Compared with VLCD containing 30% less protein and carbohydrate, a marked improvement of N-balance in 3 weeks could be achieved with the VLCD containing 1 g protein/kg IBW/day. This amount of protein seems to be necessary to obtain the nitrogen sparing effect in children and adolescents undergoing weight reduction with VLCDs.
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PMID:Metabolic effects of a very low calorie diet in obese children and adolescents with special reference to nitrogen balance. 369 54

Sodium DL-3-hydroxybutyrate was administered to obese subjects (more than 150% ideal body-weight) who were either receiving a 2 . 5 MJ (600 kcal) diet containing 34 g protein on one day with a total fast (water and vitamins only) on the next day, for 21 days, or were undergoing therapeutic starvation for 14 days. Both intravenous and oral hydroxybutyrate significantly reduced net body protein loss as measured by total urinary nitrogen and 3-methylhistidine excretion. Hydroxybutyrate administration did not significantly affect the rate of weight-loss but seemed to increase the fat/lean ratio of the tissue loss. The subjects experienced no untoward effects and none complained of hunger while receiving 3-hydroxybutyrate.
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PMID:Effect of 3-hydroxybutyrate in obese subjects on very-low-energy diets and during therapeutic starvation. 612 67

Seven obese women were placed on a liquid formula diet providing 560 kcal (2.4 MJ) and 70 g protein daily and studied under metabolic ward conditions for four weeks. The diet was well tolerated and hunger sensations were minimal. Mean weight loss was 10.47 kg for the four weeks. A positive nitrogen balance was achieved within two weeks in most patients, but despite this serum prealbumin levels fell as did the excretion of 3-methylhistidine in the urine. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate and urate levels rose during the first two weeks but remained constant thereafter. The characteristic decrease in plasma triiodothyronine levels and increase in reverse triiodothyronine levels seen with fasting and other very-low-calorie diets were also observed with this diet. Potassium losses were minimal and no changes in electrocardiograms were seen. This diet would appear to be an acceptable, effective and safe means of achieving rapid weight loss in obesity.
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PMID:A metabolic ward study of a high protein, very-low-energy diet. 662 42

It was established that liver failure is associated with significant disorders of the protein and lipid metabolism: marked increase of liver fat, increase of urea nitrogen, reduction of total protein. The blood shows a reduction of total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids, triglycerides, total protein and albumin; the gammaglobulin level, rest nitrogen and urea nitrogen increase. Parenteral administration of nitrous drugs against the background of protein hunger does not deteriorate changes in the animal livers, furthers correction of the abnormal metabolism.
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PMID:[The effect of parenterally administered nitrogenous preparations on the protein and lipid metabolic indices in normal and disordered liver function]. 819 9


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