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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which has affected several millions of population all over the world. It is characterized by an excess of sugar in the blood and urine, hunger, thirst and gradual loss of weight. Insulin is a hormone which regulates the carbohydrate and triacylglyceride metabolism through its action at several sites and facilitates the entry of glucose accumulation in the blood. Insulin also stimulates the synthesis of glucokinase and moderates the degree of gluconeogenesis. In the diabetic patient, there is an aberration in the functioning of insulin. Prior to the 1950s, control of diabetes was based entirely on insulin therapy. Unfortunately, some patients developed complications and thus need for some other therapy was realized. Presently control of NIDDM relies on compounds from two classes--sulphonylureas and biguanides. Although these drugs are widely accepted as being efficacious in treating some diabetics, they are ineffective in many others. Consequently, testing of many chemicals and plant extracts has continued. The object of the present paper is to bring up-to-date information on the hypoglycemic activity of plants, above all the plants occurring in our country, and those who se hypoglycemic activity has been scientifically documented in a more detailed way. Recent theories on the mechanism of action of these plants are also discussed.
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PMID:[Plants with hypoglycemic effects]. 811 60

Strenuous training in women has been shown to cause menstrual dysfunction and decreased bone mineral density. These endocrine and metabolic complications are associated with an insufficient dietary intake and decreased body fat content in female athletes. The present investigation was undertaken to study serum levels of cholecystokinin (CCK), insulin, gastrin, and cortisol in 14 female long-distance runners and 15 sex- and age-matched control subjects during intake of a standardized meal (500 kcal). The athletes showed a decreased response of the "satiety peptide" CCK to the meal and reported increased hunger compared with the control group. Meal-related insulin response was also decreased in the athletes, whereas gastrin levels were comparable to those of controls. Basal levels of glucose were increased in the athletes, but there was no difference in postprandial levels between the groups. Cortisol levels were clearly elevated in the female runners. We conclude that insufficient food intake in female athletes cannot be explained by increased CCK secretion and satiety. Since the athletes reported a larger caloric intake of a normal daily breakfast than the control subjects, the decreased CCK response may instead be explained by an adaptation to increased food intake. The decreased meal-related insulin response may be a reflection of increased insulin sensitivity as an adaptation to physical exercise. However, an impaired peptide secretion cannot be excluded. The role of elevated cortisol levels in the gastrointestinal hormone response needs further investigation.
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PMID:Reduced serum cholecystokinin response to food intake in female athletes. 812 5

A review of published data shows that although intense sweeteners have been shown to increase hunger ratings in some studies in humans, this has not been a consistent and reproducible observation. Any slight effect on perceived hunger has not been translated into an increase in food ingestion or effects on blood concentrations of insulin or glucose. Studies on the covert substitution of caloric sweeteners by intense sweeteners have shown either a decrease or no change in body weight. The published database does not support the concept that the consumption of intense sweeteners results in a paradoxical increase in calorie intake and body weight.
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PMID:Intense sweeteners, food intake, and the weight of a body of evidence. 814 Jan 58

Neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors are neoplasms derived from APUD cells, characterized by hyperincretion of several peptides of hormonal activity. The incidence of these tumor is low. They are usually classified according to the predominant secreted peptide: gastrinoma, insulinoma, VIPoma, glucagonoma. Insulinoma is the most frequent endocrine pancreatic tumor, characterized by a peculiar clinical picture due to insulin action. This neoplasm is prevalently benign (90%), and may cause symptoms due to hypo-glycemia such as epilepsy, asthenia, deep coma, dizziness, hunger and epigastric pain. Surgery still constitutes the principal therapy for insulinoma treatment, but an accurate tumor identification is necessary. Selective arteriography of the pancreas and new diagnostic investigations as intraoperative US, selective sampling of pancreatic veins with insulin Quick-RIA, aid the diagnosis and more precise localization of the tumor. When surgical therapy is not practicable, for diffuse metastases, octreotide has an inhibitory effect upon hormone release, and may be combined with chemotherapy for controlling clinical symptoms. We review the clinical records of 2 patients from our Institute, who had hyper-insulinism due to benign insulinomas of the tail of the pancreas. Surgical treatment was performed with enucleation of the neoplasms.
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PMID:[Pancreatic insulinomas]. 817 52

A 67-year-old male was admitted with the complaint of weakness at hunger early in the morning, when blood glucose was less than 40 mg/dl. The abdominal ultrasonogram and computerized tomogram demonstrated a huge tumor in the right liver lobe. Hypoglycemia disappeared after transcatheter arterial embolization. Then hepatic lobectomy was performed. The tumor was histologically shown to be a fibrosarcoma. Insulin-like growth factor-II was intensely stained in the Golgi area of the tumor cells, suggesting its role in the mechanism of hypoglycemia.
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PMID:IGF-II producing hepatic fibrosarcoma associated with hypoglycemia. 820 62

The behavioural, cognitive and metabolic response to food intake was studied in 13 adults with the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and compared to ten age-matched controls. Rates of eating were observed during one hour's access to food and feelings of hunger were assessed using a visual analogue scale. Blood was taken for estimation of glucose, insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK), prolactin, growth hormone (GH) and cortisol every 20 min for a total period of 100 min. Ten (76%) of the subjects with PWS ate steadily for the whole hour that food was available and on average consumed three times more calories than the control group. The median ratings for feelings of hunger in the PWS group changed in the expected direction but these changes were delayed compared to the control group and only reached the same level as the controls after the PWS subjects had eaten a significantly greater amount of food. In the PWS group, in contrast to the control group, feelings of hunger started to re-emerge shortly after food was removed. There were marked differences between individuals with PWS in the extent of the changes in serum prolactin levels. Increases in plasma glucose levels were inversely correlated with changes in hunger ratings in the PWS group, but not the control group. There was a significantly greater increase in serum CCK levels during the meal in the PWS group than in the control group indicating that in PWS failure of peripheral release of CCK in response to food intake was not the explanation for the impaired satiety response.
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PMID:Measurement of excessive appetite and metabolic changes in Prader-Willi syndrome. 822 Jun 55

Cephalic phase secretions are associated with the sight, smell, and taste of food, as opposed to its postingestional consequences. These secretions are thought to influence metabolism and eating behavior. Cephalic phase insulin release (CPIR), in particular, might be related to hunger and overeating. It was hypothesized that bulimics, who often show endocrine abnormalities, may have an altered CPIR that, in turn, might be related to the precipitation and maintenance of binges. This study investigated whether (1) the profile or magnitude of the CPIR in bulimics differs from that of non-eating disordered controls, (2) food ingestion alters subsequent CPIR, and (3) mood and desire to binge are related to CPIR. Findings indicated little abnormality in bulimics' profile of insulin secretion. Although biological variables were not related to hunger or desire to binge, for bulimics, dysphoric moods were. The results may suggest more complex determinants of binge eating than physiological state alone.
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PMID:Cephalic phase insulin release in bulimia. 827 69

Metformin has been particularly recommended to be used in obese type 2 diabetic patients because of its weight decreasing and serum lipid profile normalizing effects. In the present study the effects of subchronic metformin treatment on macronutrient selection, weight gain and plasma insulin and glucose were investigated in 20 genetically obese male Zucker rats which were maintained on a free-feeding self-selection paradigm with three pure macronutrient diets of carbohydrate, fat and protein. Half of the rats were given metformin hydrochloride 320 mg/kg/day up to 18 days in drinking water. The other half of the animals received normal drinking water as a control. Metformin treatment significantly reduced 24 hr carbohydrate (P < 0.01), fat (P < 0.001) and protein (P < 0.01) intake. The proportion of fat of the total consumed energy was significantly increased by metformin (P < 0.01) while the proportion of protein was decreased (P < 0.05). In hunger stimulated feeding experiment metformin decreased selectively protein intake (P < 0.01). Changes in macronutrient selection were associated with reduced body weight gain in metformin treated rats (P < 0.001). Metformin markedly reduced the hyperinsulinaemia (P < 0.01) and plasma glucose levels (P < 0.05), which suggests improved glucose tolerance after metformin treatment. It is concluded that subchronic metformin treatment can modify the composition of energy intake in a macronutrient selective manner.
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PMID:Effect of subchronic metformin treatment on macronutrient selection in genetically obese Zucker rats. 837 51

The allocation of hypoglycaemic symptoms to autonomic or neuroglycopenic groups tends to occur on an a priori basis. In view of the practical need for clear symptom markers of hypoglycaemia more scientific approaches must be pursued. Substantial evidence is presented from two large scale studies we performed which support a three factor model of hypoglycaemic symptomatology, based on the statistical associations discovered among symptoms reported by diabetic patients. Study 1 involved 295 insulin-treated out-patients and found that 11 key hypoglycaemic symptoms segregated into three clear factors: autonomic (sweating, palpitation, shaking and hunger) neuroglycopenic (confusion, drowsiness, odd behaviour, speech difficulty and incoordination), and malaise (nausea and headache). The three factors were validated on a separate group of 303 insulin-treated diabetic out-patients. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the three factor model was the optimal model for explaining symptom covariance in each group. A multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis tested the rigorous assumptions that the relative loadings of symptoms on factors across groups were equal, and that the residual variance for each symptom was identical across groups. These assumptions were successful, indicating that the three factor model was replicated in detail across these two large samples. It is suggested that the results indicate valid groupings of symptoms that may be used in future research and in clinical practice.
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PMID:Partitioning the symptoms of hypoglycaemia using multi-sample confirmatory factor analysis. 840 46

Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1 (rhIGF-1) is currently used experimentally to treat patients with insulin-resistant diabetes mellitus, impaired growth, protein malnutrition, and osteoporosis. We report here the case of a marked transient alteration in consciousness in a healthy 22-year-old man who was given an IV infusion of a relatively low dose of rhIGF-1 for 1 hour. This individual developed the sudden onset of dizziness, nausea, coldness, air hunger, and pallor. He became unresponsive to simple questions and experienced diaphoresis, a feeling of warmth, and paresthesias. Although there was a mild fall in heart rate and blood pressure, these hemodynamic effects did not appear sufficient to cause the altered mentation. There were no changes in serum glucose, phosphorus, or potassium that could seem to account for these events. This individual recovered completely several minutes after stopping the rhIGF-1 infusion.
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PMID:Altered mental function during intravenous infusion of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor 1. 855 53


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