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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Plasma gastrin and gastric acid responses to intravenous injection of insulin (0.2 IU/kg) were measured in 8 patients with Chagas' disease, which is known to be associated with extensive reduction of the intramural neurons of the digestive tract, and in 6 control subjects. All subjects developed hunger, sweating and tachycardia, and exhibited less than 50 mg/dl venous blood glucose. Plasma gastrin responses in Chagas' disease patients (median: 3.60 nmol L-1 min-1; range: 1:12 to 10.60 nmol L-1 min-1) were significantly higher than for control subjects (median: 0.52 nmol L-1 min-1; range: 0.25 to 1.09 nmol L-1 min-1). Gastric acid output was significantly lower in Chagas' disease patients (median: 3.5 mmol/h; range: 2.1 to 13.6 mmol/h) than in controls (median: 30.3 mmol/h; range: 7.3 to 38.2 mmol/h). These data show that chagasic patients have abnormally high gastrin release and low gastric acid secretion in response to insulin, and thus indicate that loss of intrinsic innervation of the stomach does not abolish the gastrin response to insulin hypoglycemia.
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PMID:Plasma gastrin and gastric acid responses to insulin hypoglycemia in Chagas' disease. 393 4

We assumed for this study that beta-stimulants could efficient for the treatment of anorexia nervosa not with direct action upon the center of hunger or upon the secretion of insulin but by stimulating the norepinephrine way which is characterized by a function hypotrophy as it is the case in some affective disorder. This experiment was homogenously performed with seven patients. It then presents an encouraging prospective value.
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PMID:[Noradrenergic hypothesis in anorexia nervosa: prospective study using beta-stimulant therapy]. 615 59

The effect of a palatable granulated guar-gum preparation (10 g twice daily) was studied in obese subjects. The acute effect of a single dose of guar gum to reduce the peak postprandial whole blood glucose levels (about 10%) was verified. Following long-term treatment, a further reduction was seen in the obese subjects with the highest postprandial glucose levels. Since the postprandial plasma insulin levels were essentially unchanged, this finding suggested an increased responsiveness to insulin. Total serum cholesterol levels were significantly reduced following long-term treatment but serum alpha-cholesterol levels, representing the high-density-lipoprotein fraction, was unchanged. Body-weight was significantly reduced during guar-gum treatment even though the patients were asked to maintain their normal dietary habits. Daily hunger ratings recorded for up to 10 weeks showed that guar gum reduced hunger significantly better than commercially available bran taken in the same way. Thus, guar gum seemed to influence carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in a beneficial way in obese subjects. The reduction in hunger would offer an additional benefit to these patients.
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PMID:Effect of guar gum on body-weight, hunger ratings and metabolism in obese subjects. 633 98

Exposure to food produces an increase in insulin secretion that is more pronounced in obese than in normal persons. We sought to replicate this finding as well as to determine whether insulin secretion could be influenced by thoughts about food and eating. Normal and obese subjects were presented in counterbalanced order with an external food stimulus or instructions to think about food and eating. Levels of insulin, salivary output, and hunger ratings were obtained prior to and immediately following stimulus presentation. All subjects displayed higher insulin levels following stimulus presentation, with the values for the obese higher than for normals. Although the insulin secretion of the obese was greater in response to the covert as opposed to the external stimulus, the difference was not significant. Salivary output following stimulus presentation was higher for the obese than normals, with hunger ratings increasing in both groups. These data support an expanded role of insulin as an appetite-inducing mechanism.
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PMID:Influence of external and covert food stimuli on insulin secretion in obese and normal persons. 636 Jan 89

Animal experiments and clinical observations have demonstrated significant effects of vagotomy on body weight. Weight loss or inability to regain are partly due to impaired motility and secretomotor activity of the vagus nerve causing disturbances in digestion which, however, are not sufficient to explain most of the weight deficit after vagotomy in animals or morbidly obese patients. The body weight deficit is also due to reduced caloric intake with changes in the quantity and quality of food and liquid intake, the latter accounting for more than one-third of the total reduction in caloric intake. Obese patients have consistent decreases in hunger ratings after vagotomy and also reveal changed hedonic ratings and estimations of taste intensity. Validation of vagotomy studies requires tests of vagal integrity to confirm the completeness of the surgery and rule out regeneration of nerve tissue or recruitment of function. Tests of completeness of vagotomy are difficult to perform and evaluate in morbidly obese patients due to insulin resistance. The finding of an inadequate gastric acid response to insulin hypoglycemia implies a defect hypothalamic response to hypoglycemic stress in these patients. A new postoperative test of completeness of vagotomy based on disrupted drinking after intravenous hypertonic saline challenge is introduced as an attractive alternative to the potentially hazardous insulin test.
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PMID:Behavioral effects of vagotomy in humans. 636 99

The present study deals with the question as to what extent the sympathetically innervated rat pineal gland is affected by a number of short-term exogenous stimuli given during day-time, as assessed by measuring pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity (NAT) which is directly proportional to melatonin formation. In male Sprague-Dawley rats kept under LD 12:12 pineal NAT was statistically significantly depressed by physical immobilization for 2 hours, swimming for 15 min in water of 10 and 30 degrees C, exposure for 2 hours to cold (5 degrees C) or heat (40 degrees C), noise (90 db) for 2 hours and hunger for 17 hours. An increase in NAT was noted after swimming for 15 min in water of 20 degrees C. No effect was detectable after 17 hours of thirst or hunger combined with thirst and in one of 2 experiments involving exposure to heat (40 degrees C, 2 hours) and insulin-induced hypoglycemia. In animals kept under continuous illumination for 48 hours, immobilization resulted in a slightly smaller decrease than under LD 12:12 and insulin-induced hypoglycemia led to a striking increase of NAT. As the changes in pineal NAT are brought about by rather strong exogenous stimuli it is suspected that the rat pineal gland during day-time is not very susceptible to ambient factors of normal range.
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PMID:The effects of a number of short-term exogenous stimuli on pineal serotonin-N-acetyltransferase activity in rats. 637 Nov 90

In order to ascertain direct central anorectic actions of mazindol (MZD), subtle changes in meal patterns and endogenous feeding related chemical substances were examined in rats following intra-third ventricle injection of 0.03 mumole MZD. In ad lib feeding, MZD decreased meal size and prolonged postprandial intermeal interval during a 4 hr period starting 2 hr after injection. The magnitude of anorectic actions of MZD was depressed by hunger. Although the action of MZD is short in duration, long duration anorexia was achieved by chronic infusion for 8 days. Infusion of MZD starting at 5:50 p.m. decreased plasma insulin, leaving glucose and glucagon unaffected, although no change in plasma glucose or insulin was observed following injection at 11:30 a.m. These findings, together with other reports, can be explained by MZD's direct effects on the hypothalamic hunger and satiation centers.
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PMID:Changes in meal pattern and endogenous feeding related substances following mazindol administration. 638 20

Rats injected subcutaneously with 5 U/kg of regular insulin increased food intake above control levels in a 2 hr test and showed a median latency to eat of 59 min. One week later, rats were injected again with saline or insulin (5 U/kg), deprived of food and killed 60 +/- 10 min later. Insulin treatment produced a marked reduction in plasma glucose, plasma ketone bodies and liver glycogen, as well as a marked acceleration of gastric emptying. The results indicate that a variety of changes in peripheral metabolism and physiology may underlie the increase in food intake observed after insulin injection and that it is premature to ascribe the hunger-inducing effect of insulin treatment solely to a decline in blood glucose.
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PMID:Metabolic and physiologic effects of a hunger-inducing injection of insulin. 675 87

Detailed endocrine studies were carried out in 95 hospitalized obese patients during their treatment with diet and the tricyclic anoretic mazindol. The results obtained after 1 week or more of mazindol (2 mg or occasionally 4 mg/day) administration were compared with the results after placebo and with the initial pre-treatment values. There were no significant changes in the following parameters: FSH, LH, testosterone, renin, angiotensin II, growth hormone (GH) levels during insulin tolerance tests (ITT), 131I uptake, basal metabolic rate, Achilles tendon reflexes, T3 RIA, rT3 RIA, 17-ketosteroids and 17-ketogenic steroids in urine, both basal and after stimulation with ACTH and metyrapone. Blood glucose and plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels during oral glucose tolerance tests decreased during mazindol administration, IRI levels were significantly lower during ITTs after mazindol. T4 RIA serum levels increased significantly after mazindol. When mazindol was administered, GH levels increased somewhat in some obese patients during ITTs, while T3 RIA and rT3 RIA decreased in some patients. Mazindol has not only hunger (appetite) suppressing properties, but it probably affects the metabolism of energy substrates as well. The drug was well tolerated and there were no pathological findings in routine laboratory examinations during a long-term study with mazindol (non-stop treatment for 6 months).
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PMID:Endocrine studies with mazindol in obese patients. 677 43

Rats were made to overeat and gain weight (about 50 g) by long-acting protamine zinc insulin (PZI) treatment. When the PZI treatment was stopped, the rats ate much less than normal for at least seven days. During recovery from PZI-induced obesity, negative correlations were observed between food intake and plasma levels of the fat metabolites, free fatty acids, glycerol, and ketone bodies. A similar but smaller effect was observed during recovery from dietary obesity (about 15 g). The plasma fat metabolites may be the blood-borne signals which suppress hunger under these conditions.
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PMID:Reversible obesity and plasma fat metabolites. 683 44


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