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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
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PMID:Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. 140 84

Smoking cessation increases caffeine blood levels, and this has been hypothesized to cause some of the symptoms of tobacco withdrawal (e.g., anxiety and insomnia). To test this hypothesis, 10 coffee drinkers who smoked cigarettes were entered into a completely within-subjects experimental design in which the effects of caffeine dose (0, 50, and 100 mg/coffee serving) and smoking status (smoking versus abstinence) were examined over a 4-day period. Self-reported and observed measures of tobacco withdrawal, caffeine withdrawal, and intoxication, as well as psychomotor tasks and vital signs, were completed daily; blood was drawn at the end of each period. Temporary abstinence produced typical withdrawal symptoms but did not significantly increase caffeine blood levels. Caffeine did not increase the severity of symptoms but did decrease the severity of withdrawal-induced hunger. These findings suggest that, in the absence of increased blood levels, caffeine does not increase the severity of tobacco withdrawal.
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PMID:Effects of caffeine on tobacco withdrawal. 186 77

Using an 11-item questionnaire and a double-blind experimental design, changes in mood, hunger and food preference after taking caffeine (100 mg), tryptophan (500 mg), tyrosine (500 mg) or placebo, were investigated in 60 volunteers. At the end of the study, volunteers also ranked the four treatments on a sedation/stimulation scale. Caffeine significantly increased scores for wakefulness, vigor, clarity of mind, energy, feeling full of ideas, feeling full of go and feeling efficient. Caffeine was also ranked as the most stimulating treatment (p less than 0.001). Tyrosine produced no changes, while tryptophan shifted mean scores towards somnolent and lethargic, and was ranked most sedating (p less than 0.05). None of the treatments changed hunger ratings or carbohydrate/protein preference.
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PMID:Diet-induced mood changes in normal populations. 676 31

In one study of 105 smokers who received physician advice plus placebo gum and in another study of 630 self-quitters, neither the presence or absence, nor amount of precessation alcohol, nor coffee intake, nor changes in alcohol or coffee intake postcessation, predicted relapse or most withdrawal symptoms. The one possible exception was that heavy caffeine and alcohol users reported a greater increase in hunger and craving postcessation; however, these effects were not consistent across measures, follow-ups, and studies. Our results are inconsistent with theories that caffeine intoxication from increased caffeine blood levels postsmoking cessation worsen tobacco withdrawal or that alcohol or caffeine use during initial abstinence from smoking increases relapse to smoking.
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PMID:Coffee and alcohol intake as predictors of smoking cessation and tobacco withdrawal. 831 36

Smokers were randomly assigned to 0, 7, 14 or 21 mg doses of transdermal nicotine and had their eating and weight followed for 6 weeks. Among the 66 subjects who were abstinent for all 6 weeks, caloric, carbohydrate and fat intake, hunger, and weight increased in those on placebo, but alcohol, caffeine and protein intake did not. Nicotine patch decreased caloric, carbohydrate and fat intake in a dose-related manner, showed a trend for weight and showed no effect for hunger. Neither abstinence from smoking nor nicotine therapy shifted the percent of calories from sweets or carbohydrates. We conclude nicotine replacement reduces post-cessation increases in eating but does not have a specific effect on sweet intake.
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PMID:Effects of three doses of transdermal nicotine on post-cessation eating, hunger and weight. 949 46

Obesity is characterised by pathophysiological defects affecting both sides of the energy balance equation. Individuals with a predisposition to obesity have impaired appetite control when diets are fat-rich and energy dense. They also exhibit a lower than expected resting metabolic rate (RMR). A low RMR, in concert with a sedentary lifestyle, contributes to a low total energy output, which may lead to obesity if continued over a period of years. A low metabolic rate seems to be genetically determined, and is partly caused by low sympathetic nervous system activity. Classical treatment programmes for obesity do not provide a satisfactory long-term outcome for the majority of patients. Patients who achieve only a small weight loss during dietary therapy, and have a tendency to weight regain, are characterised by lower energy expenditure, lower sympathetic activity, and a reduced ability to mobilise fat stores, compared with patients who are more successful at losing weight. It is reasonable to improve or normalise these traits by supporting the dietary approach with pharmacological manipulation of central and peripheral pathways. Agents which stimulate adrenergic neurons are particularly suitable because they offer mechanisms for inhibiting hunger and for stimulating energy expenditure, lipolysis and fat oxidation. Sympathomimetic compounds can reduce appetite and increase energy expenditure. Energy expenditure can be increased by 5-10% via stimulation of a combination of beta-adrenoceptors; beta3-adrenoceptors may predominate during chronic therapy. This increased energy expenditure increases the relative proportion of fat oxidation; as this is not fully compensated by increased energy intake, a negative energy balance occurs. This mechanism may be responsible for the long-term weight loss efficiency of agents like ephedrine/caffeine and sibutramine. Pharmacotherapy can be used to support short-term induction of weight loss or long-term weight maintenance. In the latter case, adrenergic agents enable a greater proportion of patients to maintain a satisfactory weight loss, compared with patients treated with conventional programmes alone. Pharmacotherapy which stabilises the size of fat stores at a lower level contributes indirectly to a pronounced improvement of risk factors, leading to a decreased potential for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and associated morbidity.
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PMID:What do pharmacological approaches to obesity management offer? Linking pharmacological mechanisms of obesity management agents to clinical practice. 979 79

In 4 experiments, rats were trained to associate 1 of 2 differently flavored solutions with caffeine. During later 2-bottle extinction tests, they consistently preferred flavors that had been previously mixed with 2 lower (0.25 and 0.125 mg/ml), but not 2 higher (0.5 and 0.75 mg/ml), caffeine concentrations. Hunger during conditioning increased the size of these preferences, but neither preexposure to unflavored caffeine nor hunger during the choice test had any effect on them. Because caffeine is noncaloric, this last finding strengthens the hypothesis that hunger enhances the expression of only calorie-based conditioned flavor preferences. More fundamentally, the present results represent the first clear evidence that, through Pavlovian conditioning, rats can develop preferences for flavors associated with caffeine.
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PMID:Caffeine-reinforced conditioned flavor preferences in rats. 1199 18

To study the distribution of triggers of migraine in a selected population, 100 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for migraine without aura as proposed by the International Headache Society were evaluated by means of a personal interview. Stress was the most cited trigger, triggering migraine in 76%. Afterwards, in descending order of frequency, were cited sensorial stimuli (75%), sleep deprivation (49%), hunger (48%), environmental factors (47%), food (46%), menses (39%), fatigue (35%), alcohol (28%), sleep excess (27%), caffeine (22%), physical exertion (20%), head trauma (20%), trips (4%), sexual activity (3%), medications (2%), neck movements (2%), smoking (1%) and the use of a low pillow (1%). It is concluded that certain factors seem to play an important role in the triggering of migraine.
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PMID:[Precipitating factors of migraine attacks in patients with migraine without aura]. 1224

Some rituals about a regular consumption of tea, smokeless tobacco (chewing) and milk are described by one of the authors at the time of his anthropological investigation among the Tuaregs of Timbuktu's region (Mali). He carries out some ethnographical and clinical materials which highlight the dependence to these substances and the role of their psychostimulant and anorexigene effects in a society much ritualised. The subject of this article appears original in the literature which approaches more the dependence to coffee than tea, to cigarettes than to chewing tobacco. The observation of daily life of a tuareg encampment shows a ritual consumption of tea at four time a day. The motivations of the Tuaregs are the increase of vigilance and performance with that psychostimulant substance. They describe an intoxication syndrome related to caffeineism, observed among European tourists. The Tuaregs are aware of their addiction to tea and distinguish psychological dependence from physical dependence. The psychological dependence corresponds to a powerful desire to drink tea at ritual moments, while the physical dependence appears at waking-up and when the time of preparing this beverage is too late. The Tuaregs describe also a phenomenon of loss tolerance after an abstinence period. In spite of the maraboutic prohibition to drink tea, which diverts Tuaregs of their religious practice, they defy this ban from the waking-up to take that infusion before the matinal prayer. That addiction appears also in the identity of the Tuaregs who are called "the sons of tea". The consumption of chewing tobacco, mixed with ash, rhythms the daily life. The mean number of chewing is about fifteen by day; every chewing last 30 minutes. The first chewing of the day occurs 15 minutes after waking-up. The Tuaregs use tobacco in order to get relaxation and vigilance. They suggest intoxication symptoms and especially a withdrawal syndrome which appears at the waking-up or after an important interval between chewing. The authors raise the idea about the dependence to this type of tobacco, consistent with the Anglo-Saxon literature of the 80th which tried to implement scales and criteria as to assess the dependence to smokeless tobacco. The Tuaregs could be more addicted than American consumers in regard to american studies: they use more chewing a day and they can't refrain from chewing at the waking-up. Empirical addition of plant ash, made up of hydroxide of calcium, may act a role in pharmacokinetic by alkalinising the pH. It could increase the absorption of nicotine through the mouth mucus membrane. The authors raise the idea about the dependence to the milk, much consumed and ritualised among those nomadic breeders. They rely on the observation of a withdrawal syndrome clearly identified in the tuareg medical nosography. These regular consumptions integrate the daily life within other rituals. Tea and tobacco facilitate certain motor stimulation, a struggle against hunger and some relaxation regarding an hostile environment over climatological, ecological and economical plan. The brutal and unexpected occurring of one of those rituals disrupt, indeed invert, the usual order of social rituals. Those social and religious disruptions materialise the pathological effect of that double dependence to nicotine and caffeine. That one is called by a term which translate its subjective and social appearance, reflecting so the interaction between man, environment and psychoactive substance. This article highlight the importance of cultural factors in the etiopathogeny of poly-dependence among Tuareg subjects. The question about the diagnostic of the dependence in the DSM IV and the CIM-10 is raised. The DSM IV could be completed because it doesn't evoke addiction to caffeine of tea such like it is consumed in West actually. That hermeneutic approach, including anthropological observations and clinical investigations, allow to understand that addiction to psychoactive substances among Tuareg subjects is consistent with their survival in hostile environments.
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PMID:[The Tuaregs addiction to tea, to smokeless tobacco and to milk: ethnological and clinical approach]. 1264 Mar 26

We assessed the effect of ingestion of green tea (GT) extract along with a low-energy diet (LED) on resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate oxidation and body weight as GT has been shown to increase energy expenditure and fat oxidation in the short term in both animals and people. Forty-six overweight women (BMI 27.6 (sd 1.8) kg/m2) were fed in energy balance from day 1 to day 3, followed by a LED with GT (1125 mg tea catechins +225 mg caffeine/d) or placebo (PLAC) from day 4 to day 87. Caffeine intake was standardised to 300 mg/d. Energy expenditure was measured on days 4 and 32. Reductions in weight (4.19 (sd 2.0) kg PLAC, 4.21 (sd 2.7) kg GT), BMI, waist:hip ratio, fat mass and fat-free mass were not statistically different between treatments. REE as a function of fat-free mass and fat mass was significantly reduced over 32 d in the PLAC group (P<0.05) but not in the GT group. Dietary restraint increased over time (P<0.001) in both groups, whereas disinhibition and general hunger decreased (P<0.05). The GT group became more hungry over time and less thirsty, and showed increased prospective food consumption compared with PLAC (P<0.05). Taken together, the ingestion of GT along with a LED had no additional benefit for any measures of body weight or body composition. Although the decrease in REE as a function of fat-free mass and fat mass was not significant with GT treatment, whereas it was with PLAC treatment, no significant effect of treatment over time was seen, suggesting that a robust limitation of REE reduction during a LED was not achieved by GT.
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PMID:Effect of green tea on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation during weight loss in overweight females. 1635 82


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