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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
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The extent to which the dietary practices recommended by nutrition science are compatible with an enjoyable lifestyle is a recurring theme in the debate on food and health in Denmark. The aim of this study was to see in practice what problems arise when ordinary people are confronted with a healthy diet. Fourteen of the participants in an 8 month dietary intervention study were interviewed about their opinions of, and experiences with, a diet composed in accordance with the Nordic nutrition recommendations. The interviews were qualitative, in depth and semistructured. The participants were interviewed twice, the first time towards the end of the intervention and again 3 months after the intervention ended. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. For the participants, who were young students with a relatively high knowledge of nutrition, practical experience of a recommended diet was a series of surprises: the amount of food, its similarity to modern Danish food culture, its palatability, and the relatively small amount of dairy products in the diet were contrary to participants expectations. Participants found the recommended diet pleasant to live on, but expected certain economical and practical difficulties in applying it to everyday life outside the intervention. Hunger and satiety sensations changed and became more distinct. The results of the study indicate suggestions relevant for both industrial product development and nutrition information to the public.
Eur J Clin Nutr 1993 Aug
PMID:Cultural and social acceptability of a healthy diet. 840 95

The loss of appetite occurring severe depression was investigated with an experimental method comparing the eating behaviour of 12 melancholic inpatients to 12 matched normal controls. Food intake and appetite, divided into more basic components such as desire to eat, hunger, satiety, prospective food consumption and pleasure from eating, were monitored during a test meal. Patients ate less than controls, but the difference was not significant. The pattern resulting from the temporal tracking of the appetite ratings indicated that patients were disturbed at the beginning of the meal and showed a decreased desire to eat, hunger and prospective food consumption and an increased satiety and that their pleasure from eating was diminished. These findings suggest that the loss of appetite induced by melancholia follows a specific pattern.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1993
PMID:The loss of appetite during depression with melancholia: a qualitative and quantitative analysis. 847 22

1. A meta-analysis was conducted to assess if there is scientific ground for the use of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of obesity. 2. Published papers relating to eight controlled and 16 uncontrolled trials that measured the effect of HCG in the treatment of obesity were traced by computer-aided search and citation tracking. 3. The trials were scored for the quality of the methods (based on four main categories: study population, interventions, measurement of effect, and data presentation and analysis) and the main conclusion of author(s) with regard to weight-loss, fat-redistribution, hunger, and feeling of well-being. 4. Methodological scores ranged from 16 to 73 points (maximum score 100), suggesting that most studies were of poor methodological quality. Of the 12 studies scoring 50 or more points, one reported that HCG was a useful adjunct. The studies scoring 50 or more points were all controlled. 5. We conclude that there is no scientific evidence that HCG is effective in the treatment of obesity; it does not bring about weight-loss of fat-redistribution, nor does it reduce hunger or induce a feeling of well-being.
Br J Clin Pharmacol 1995 Sep
PMID:The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of obesity by means of the Simeons therapy: a criteria-based meta-analysis. 852 85

This study was performed to investigate the effect of a high-fat diet and alcohol (high-fat, alcohol) intake on subsequent spontaneous energy intake when controlling for food energy density. Twelve adults males participated in two 1-d randomly assigned sessions that only differed by the macronutrient composition of the appetizer served at lunchtime. Dietary energy was mainly provided by lipid and alcohol in one appetizer whereas carbohydrate was the main source of energy in the other appetizer. The energy density, content, and weight of the foods were comparable in the two appetizers. Ad libitum energy intake measured at lunchtime after ingestion of the high-fat, alcohol appetizer exceeded that observed after the high-carbohydrate appetizer by >812kJ (P<0.01). This overfeeding had no detectable effect on postprandial hunger and was not compensated by changes in energy intake at dinnertime. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that a high-fat diet and alcohol favor subsequent overfeeding, which is not due to their higher energy density.
Am J Clin Nutr 1996 Apr
PMID:The hyperphagic effect of a high-fat diet and alcohol intake persists after control for energy density. 859 9

In previous experiments using the fat substitute sucrose polyester (SPE, or olestra), no compensatory response was observed on day 2 after experimental manipulations, which reduced the percentage of energy from fat to approximately equal to 30% from 40% on day 1. In the present study a more severe manipulation was made; the amount of energy from fat was reduced from 32% to 20% to determine whether such a reduction would provoke any physiologic or behavioral response. Subjects came to the unit for two, 2-d test sessions. Intake on day 1 was fixed: subjects were given meals containing either control fat (11319 kJ, 32% of energy as fat) or SPE (9561 kJ, 20% of energy as fat). On day 2, intake was ad libitum. On day 1 subjects rated themselves as more hungry while consuming the fat-substituted meals than when consuming the control meals and they disclosed greater hunger in the end-of-day questionnaires. The effect of the manipulation was carried over into day 2. By the end of day 2, subjects had compensated for 74% of the energy (fat) deficit caused by the previous day's manipulation. These results differ from those obtained when fat was reduced from 40% to 30% of energy; this more severe reduction reveals that a reduction in fat of this size can lead to a biobehavioral response. Together, these data suggest that people could change their diet to meet dietary guidelines; however, if a more severe reduction is attempted, adherence may be made more difficult by the strength of the compensatory response.
Am J Clin Nutr 1996 Jun
PMID:Replacement of dietary fat with sucrose polyester: effects on energy intake and appetite control in nonobese males. 864 83

Fifty-three female subjects performed a modified Stroop colour-naming task 30 minutes after consuming a high-calorie preload, a low-calorie preload or water. Half of the subjects were 18 hours food deprived prior to testing. Food restriction and the caloric density of the preload had no effect on the colour-naming of food-related words. However, impairments in the colour-naming of food-related words did vary according to the subjects' self-reported hunger level. This relationship between hunger and colour-naming impairment was not linear, with the most hungry subjects displaying the smallest impairment in the colour naming of food words. The results are interpreted in terms of recent thought on the relationship between attentional processing and fear arousal.
Br J Clin Psychol 1996 02
PMID:Hunger, caloric preloading and the selective processing of food and body shape words. 867 30

A study was conducted to examine the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple oral doses of L-365,260, a novel antagonist for type B cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors and to quantify effects of selective blockade of type B CCK receptors through treatment with L-365,260 on measures of anxiety, hunger, and cognitive performance. Healthy volunteers were given single oral doses of up to 50 mg of L-365,260 and multiple oral doses of up to 25 mg every 6 hours for 10 days. Plasma concentrations of L-365,260 were quantified by means of high-performance liquid chromatography. Anxiety and hunger were assessed by visual analog scale and the Spielberger State Anxiety Index. Cognitive testing was used to evaluate attention level and short-term memory. L-365,260 was rapidly absorbed and a biphasic pattern of elimination was demonstrated with a terminal half-life (t1/2) of 8 to 12 hours. The mean (n = 6) values for peak plasma concentration (C(max)) and time to peak concentration (t(max)) of L-365,260 were 503 ng/mL and 1.25 hours, respectively, after a single 50-mg oral dose. Accumulation of L-365,260 plasma concentrations was seen after the prescribed multiple-dose regimens. Steady state was achieved after 3 days of oral administration. L-365,260 had an acceptable tolerability profile after oral administration. No changes in measures of anxiety, hunger, or short-term memory were observed at doses of L-365,260 shown to have antagonist activity at the CCK-B receptor.
J Clin Pharmacol 1996 Apr
PMID:Human pharmacokinetics and tolerability of L-365,260, a novel cholecystokinin-B antagonist. 872 42

This study examined mechanisms by which fluoxetine may reduce energy consumption and body weight. Women with binge-eating disorder (BED; n = 38) and age- and weight-matched women without BED (n = 32) monitored their dietary intake and concurrently recorded mood variables on a hand-held computer for 6 d of baseline and for 6 d after being randomly assigned to receive placebo or fluoxetine (60 mg). Fluoxetine reduced eating more than did the placebo on days 4-6 of treatment. The frequency of episodes was not affected, suggesting that fluoxetine affects satiety, not hunger. Fluoxetine did not preferentially reduce carbohydrate intake, did not affect snack consumption as compared with meal consumption, and did not affect negative-mood eating more than positive-mood eating, nor did fluoxetine affect subjects' mood ratings. Benefits of fluoxetine were of approximately equal magnitude for women with and without BED. However, women who reported higher energy consumption at baseline were more responsive to fluoxetine than were women who reported lower energy consumption at baseline, and binge-eating status was associated with greater energy consumption at all time points, including baseline. Fluoxetine affects dietary intake within 4 d of its consumption, and if future research shows that this remains true on repeated applications, this drug may be useful for short periods when difficulty with overeating is anticipated, such as during vacations.
Am J Clin Nutr 1996 Sep
PMID:A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of fluoxetine on dietary intake in overweight women with and without binge-eating disorder. 878 Mar 33

This study prospectively assessed the psychological effects of weight loss and regain (i.e., weight cycling) in obese women. Measures of mood, binge eating, restraint, disinhibition, and hunger were obtained from 55 participants at baseline, after 6 months of treatment, and 58 months posttreatment. Women lost 21.1 +/- 8.4 kg after 6 months of treatment but were 3.6 +/- 10.9 kg above baseline weight at the time of the follow-up. Contrary to expectations, after this 21-kg cycle of weight loss and regain, women reported significant improvements in mood and binge eating, as well as reductions in hunger and disinhibition. Restraint was unchanged from baseline to follow-up. These data suggest that weight loss and regain are not associated with long-term adverse psychological effects. The findings also confirm earlier reports of significant weight regain after treatment and underscore the need for research to improve the maintenance of weight loss.
J Consult Clin Psychol 1996 Aug
PMID:Psychological effects of weight loss and regain: a prospective evaluation. 880 65

This study reports the results on psychomotor functioning of D- and L-fenfluramine alone, and in combination with D-amphetamine, in a placebo-controlled trial on 12 normal male volunteers, in order to investigate their CNS activity in humans. The major findings were that D-amphetamine increased alertness, L-fenfluramine increased unhappiness whilst D-fenfluramine decreased hunger and increased the critical flicker fusion threshold. D-Amphetamine in combination with D-fenfluramine increased the critical flicker fusion threshold and in combination with L-fenfluramine the alerting action was diminished. The differing actions of the fenfluramine isomers and their interactions with D-amphetamine suggest that D-fenfluramine is predominantly serotonergic in its activity, whereas L-fenfluramine may be causing dopamine blockade, reducing certain actions of amphetamine possibly mediated by dopamine receptors. The significance of these results in relationship to the psychopharmacology of serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline is discussed.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1996 Jun
PMID:The effects of D- and L-fenfluramine (and their interactions with D-amphetamine) on psychomotor function and mood. 880 46


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