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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Eating disorders, particularly weight control disorders, appear resistant to long-term modification. While personal values have been shown to influence long-term behavior, their influence on eating patterns has not been studied because of the lack of an instrument to measure those values that are specific to eating. The Eating Values Survey (EVS) was created to measure priorities given to 21 eating-related values, such as sensory qualities of food, the experience of hunger, socializing with others, body appearance, nutritional contribution to health, etc. Responses of 109 male and 99 female university students to the EVS were found stable over a 2-week period and revealed five factors, identified as Gusto, Easy Necessity, Orderliness, Gourmet, and Social Approval. EVS scores also correlated significantly with such self-reported eating disorder variables as being overweight and self-induced vomiting. Sex differences in eating values appeared matters of emphasis rather than of distinction.
J Clin Psychol 1989 Mar
PMID:Measuring personal values that are specific to eating: reliability, factors, and eating pattern correlates. 272 81

An investigation of dietary restraint during adolescence was conducted in two phases. First, two school classes of 12- and 14-year-old girls completed a restraint questionnaire. Second, the functional nature of the restraint scores was assessed in 24 girls from each age group using a procedure previously shown to lead to overeating in restrained adults. A wide distribution of restraint scores was found, with restrained individuals present in both age groups. Restraint was found to be functional, predicting higher food consumption in a taste test after imagining eating highly palatable foods. Hunger ratings were elevated by the imagination procedure, although the extent of this increase was similar for both restrained and unrestrained girls. The girls' body weight index was significantly correlated with degree of restraint. The existence and breakdown of restraint at this young age is regarded with concern, particularly in view of the links between dieting and eating disorders.
Br J Clin Psychol 1989 05
PMID:Dietary restraint in young adolescent girls: a functional analysis. 274 55

Social influences on eating were investigated by paying 63 adult humans to maintain 7-d diaries of everything they ingested, time, subjective hunger, and number of people present. Meals eaten with others contained more carbohydrate, fat, protein, and total calories; had smaller deprivation ratios; and had larger satiety ratios than meals eaten alone. The number of people present was positively correlated with meal size even when meals eaten alone were excluded. Adding the number of people present as a factor in a multiple-regression prediction of meal size more than doubled the variance accounted for, without altering the influence of other predictors, suggesting that social factors are associated independently with an increase in meal size. Meal size was positively correlated with the postmeal interval for meals eaten alone but not for meals eaten with other people. This suggests that social factors increase amounts eaten and disrupt postprandial regulation.
Am J Clin Nutr 1989 Aug
PMID:Spontaneous meal patterns of humans: influence of the presence of other people. 275 11

The present study examined nicotine replacement effects on postcessation weight gain in smoking cessation clinic volunteers using objective indices of cigarette smoking, gum use, and body weight. After they achieved abstinence, subjects were randomly assigned to either active nicotine or placebo gum conditions for 10 weeks, during which smoking status was carefully monitored. Analyses revealed strong evidence for a gum effect on weight gain, with active gum users gaining a mean total of 3.8 lb compared with 7.8 lb for placebo gum users at the end of the 10-week trial. Evidence for a dose-response relation was found, suggesting that more gum use (greater than or equal to 6.5 pieces/day) resulted in greater weight suppression. Placebo gum subjects reported greater postcessation increases in eating and hunger compared with active gum subjects. The implications of the weight suppression effect of nicotine gum for smoking cessation treatments are discussed.
J Consult Clin Psychol 1989 Feb
PMID:Nicotine replacement: effects of postcessation weight gain. 292 78

Three studies have been undertaken to investigate why there are individual differences in the response to d-fenfluramine with respect to food intake and hunger in the short term and on body weight loss in the long term. Fenfluramine and norfenfluramine plasma levels have been used as probes to help detect and normalize these variances. In a single dose ranging volunteer study (0, 30, 40, and 60 mg), d-fenfluramine levels were significantly related to caloric intake and hunger rating scales when compared individually, and the slopes of the regression lines showed intersubject variation. These slopes, an index of each subject's response to fenfluramine, appear to be related to both the percentage underweight and more weakly to the percentage overweight. Those subjects at the extremes of weight showed a greater response to a given drug level. In two placebo-controlled 3 month studies (30 mg/day), the variances in weight loss were not explained by steady state drug levels, the percentage overweight, initial weight, duration of obesity, or caloric intake even when weight loss was normalized for differences in drug levels. Age, however, was significantly related to weight loss, with each additional 10 years increasing weight loss by approximately 1 kg. If confirmed, the sensitivity of fenfluramine anorexia may be an objective acute test of the central control of food intake. However, in long term clinical studies, drug levels were only weakly related to weight loss and other undefined factors seem to determine which patients responded better to fenfluramine treatment.
Clin Neuropharmacol 1988
PMID:Factors that may effect the reduction of hunger and body weight following d-fenfluramine administration. 305 14

Most of the drugs commonly used in the treatment and prophylaxis of depression, mania, and psychotic illness have, as one of their prominent side effects, the ability to increase appetite, stimulate carbohydrate craving, and promote weight gain. These side effects are troublesome to patients, and frequently constitute a major reason for premature discontinuation of therapy. This review examines the relative likelihood of the occurrence of appetite stimulation and weight gain with various psychotropic medications. Potential mechanisms of these effects and strategies to minimize or avoid weight gain during pharmacotherapy of psychiatric illness are examined. Evidence suggests that those compounds, which either antagonize or downregulate serotonin receptors, are more likely to stimulate carbohydrate hunger and weight gain. Amitriptyline, chlorpromazine, mesoridazine, thioridazine, and lithium are most likely to produce weight gain. Compounds that have more pronounced serotonergic action, such as fluoxetine and fenfluramine, are more likely to decrease carbohydrate craving and promote weight loss.
Clin Neuropharmacol 1988
PMID:Psychotropic drug induced weight gain: mechanisms and management. 305 18

This study investigated the intensity of two phenomena--perceived pleasantness of sweet tasting solutions, and subjective motivations related to eating--in lean and obese subjects. The study also examined the way in which dexfenfluramine influenced these phenomena as the basis of a mechanism underlying the action of dexfenfluramine on satiation. Such investigations had not previously been carried out on obese people. In lean subjects, glucose-induced negative gustative alliesthesia (NGA) was present but was not affected by drug administration. Dexfenfluramine did, however, markedly influence motivational ratings and subsequent food consumption in a test meal. In obese subjects, NGA was not present nor was it instated by drug treatment. Motivational ratings were strongly influenced by dexfenfluramine. Although hunger ratings were very low in obese subjects, they were further suppressed by the glucose load and by the drug. Hunger suppression was greater in obese than lean subjects. These results suggest that a decline in the pleasantness of a sweet taste is not a mechanism through which fenfluramine exerts an anorectic action. The data suggest that the suppression of subjective motivation to eat is implicated in the reduction of food intake by dexfenfluramine in lean subjects, and in the weight loss observed in obese people.
Clin Neuropharmacol 1988
PMID:On the mechanism of action of dexfenfluramine: effect on alliesthesia and appetite motivation in lean and obese subjects. 318 Jan 7

Use of the 5-HT antagonist metergoline (MTG) has shown that dexfenfluramine (d-FF) influences food intake in animals via serotoninergic neurones. This study examined the interaction between d-FF and MTG in humans. Healthy male volunteers reported singly at 8:45 A.M. on four weekly occasions following an overnight fast. At 9:00 A.M. they received 30 mg d-FF or matching placebo and at 11:00 A.M. 4 mg MTG or placebo. Hunger and satiety were assessed hourly using visual analog scales (VAS). Subjects had access to a 4-channel automated food dispenser (AFD) from 1:15 to 3:15 P.M. Delivery and recording of each portion of known energy value was contingent on an appropriate button push. Subjects were offered two nonsweet snacks, plus fruit and a chocolate biscuit chosen to each subject's preference. Results for 13 subjects are reported. d-FF reduced hunger VAS, MTG had no effect on hunger and did not attenuate the effect of d-FF. d-FF reduced total food intake by 1306 kJ (312 kcal p less than 0.01) at 120 min. MTG increased food intake and attenuated the effect of d-FF on food intake but not significantly. d-FF markedly reduced the intake of nonsweet food; this was attenuated by MTG which alone had no effect on nonsweet food. d-FF had no effect on the intake of sweet tasting food during the first hour; by 120 min it had reduced energy intake by 342 kJ (82 kcal, t = 1.34, n.s.).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Clin Neuropharmacol 1988
PMID:The interaction of metergoline, a 5-HT receptor blocker, and dexfenfluramine in human feeding. 318 Jan 8

Hunger symptoms were assessed in two groups of normal subjects at a variety of times of day. The data showed that relatively few symptoms were endorsed even after longer deprivation periods, and they confirmed other experimental results suggesting that there is no strong and characteristic pattern of hunger symptoms. It is suggested that any notions of disturbed hunger sensations in patients with eating disorders must be evaluated carefully.
Br J Clin Psychol 1987 05
PMID:The feeling of hunger. 347 13

Good nutrition is one of the elements of training and conditioning necessary for optimal performance. The athlete should consume a diet composed of a wide variety of foods to help ensure that nutrient needs are met, whereas maintenance of ideal competitive weight is the indicator of adequate calorie intake. The best diet is one that considers physiological, sociological, and psychological factors--an individualized diet. The precompetition meal should consist of foods the athlete likes, tolerates well, and usually eats. The main nutrition consideration during the all-day meet is fluid replacement, and swimmers should be encouraged to drink ample water, especially when in a hot environment. Foods and beverages the athlete likes, taken in small amounts throughout the day, can ward off hunger, provide needed calories, help maintain blood glucose levels, and meet fluid needs. Although vitamins and minerals taken at levels in excess of the RDA have been shown not to benefit performance, use of high levels of supplements is not uncommon among athletes. Athletes are often unaware that some nutrients can be toxic when taken in excess.
Clin Sports Med 1986 Jan
PMID:Nutrition for swimmers. 351 5


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