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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The combined modulating effects of the general level of arousal and specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses were investigated in the rat. Vigilance state parameters and multi-unit mitral cell activity were recorded in freely moving animals stimulated by control odours and by their usual food odour, either in the hungry or the satiated state. The nutritionally modulated bulb responses towards food odour were observed only for high arousal level (wakefulness). In rapid eye movement sleep (REMS), no olfactory response occurred. In slow wave sleep (SWS), one observed either a high bulb responsiveness to stimuli with neocortical arousal, or a general inexcitability. Each odorous stimulus in SWS elicited a higher neocortical arousal rate in the hungry than in the satiated state, as did food odour compared with control odours in both nutritional states. In SWS, a progressive alteration of the nutritionally modulated responses occurred at first at the bulb level and later for inner structures. Rats fed 2 h a day displayed a reversed circadian sleep-waking cycle and a lower SWS proportion compared with rats fed ad libitum. The hunger arousal could quantitatively and qualitatively modulate the activity of structures regulating the sleep-waking pattern.
Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1979 Jan
PMID:Combined modulating effects of the general arousal and the specific hunger arousal on the olfactory bulb responses in the rat. 8 35

Major phases of the physiology of food intake regulation remain hypothetical. There is a central regulatory mechanism for hunger and satiety, but the signals and messages that activate the brain centers remain conjectural. The alimentary tract regulation, the regulation by osmoreceptors, the thermostatic, the glucostatic, the lipostatic, the amino acid, and the hormonal food intake regulation theories leave many questions unanswered. Low molecular weight peptides appear to have an important effect on brain functions. Hypothalamic peptides such as thyrotropin-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and somatostatin have been assigned new roles in various brain functions. The hypothalamus and probably other parts of the brain produce also anorexigenic peptides. Anorexia is a common manifestation of cancer. It is proposed that peptides, oligonucleotides, and other small metabolites produced by the cancer and by the tumor-bearing host are responsible for the genesis of the anorexia. They produce the anorexia through a peripheral effect on neuroendocrine cells and neuroreceptors and through a direct effect on hypothalamic and other central nervous system sensor and responder cells.
Am J Clin Nutr 1976 May
PMID:Anorexia-producing intermediary metabolites. 17 68

We investigated geophagia in the black population of rural Holmes County, Mississippi. Twenty-five sources of geophagical clays were located and most of the sources are associated with rural settlements throughout the county. Clays are taken from subsurface soil horizons, and all but one of the sources come from the upland portion of the county. Geophagia occurs among 57% of women and 16% of children of both sexes, but it is not found among adult males or adolescents. Average daily comsumption of clay is 50 g. Our data indicate geophagia is not correlated with hunger, anemia, or helminthic problems, but it may contribute to the common problem of hypertension. Geophagia has been suggested as one of the factors leading to hyperkalemia, but our data do not support this notion.
Am J Clin Nutr 1979 Oct
PMID:Geophagia in rural Mississippi: environmental and cultural contexts and nutritional implications. 48 31

As a cross cultural comparison with an earlier study done in West Bengal, behavioral observations were made in the Katmandu Valley of 36 well-nourished and 38 undernourished children, 7 to 18 months of age, and their mothers. Undernourished children showed lowered levels of exploratory activity and attachment behavior, especially distance interaction, and a heightened need for physical closeness to the mother. Moreover, among the undernourished children the level of intellectual performance and the overall time spent in play were decreased, while time spent sucking at the breast was increased. In contrast to the West Bengali study, maternal behavior showed no differences between the two nutritional groups, and the intercorrelations between maternal and child scores showed similar or parallel patterns of reciprocity for the well-nourished and the undernourished children. No sex or age differences were found. The findings were interpreted to support Levitsky and Barnes' hypothesis of "functional isolation" as a mechanism between undernutrition and environmental stimulation to produce long-term behavioral changes. In addition, hunger as a motivational state, expressed as increased sucking, may interfere with other motivational determinants that might lead to exploration and/or increased social contacts.
Am J Clin Nutr 1978 Mar
PMID:Nutrition and infant behavior: a replication study in the Katmandu Valley, Nepal. 62 22

Our investigation was designed to retest the hypothesis of the efficacy of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on weight reduction in obese women in a clinic setting. We sought to duplicate the Asher-Harper study (1973) which had found that the combination of 500 cal diet and HCG had a statistically significant benefit over the diet and placebo combination as evidenced by greater weight loss and decrease in hunger. Fifty-one women between the ages of 18 and 60 participated in our 32-day prospective, randomized, double-blind comparison of HCG versus placebo. Each patient was given the same diet (the one prescribed in the Asher-Harper study), was weighed daily Monday through Saturday and was counselled by one of the investigators who administered the injections. Laboratory studies were performed at the time of initial physical examinations and at the end of the study. Twenty of 25 in the HCG and 21 of 26 patients in the placebo groups completed 28 injections. There was no statistically significant difference in the means of the two groups in number of injections received, weight loss, percent of weight loss, hip and waist circumference, weight loss per injections, or in hunger ratings. HCG does not appear to enhance the effectiveness of a rigidly imposed regimen for weight reduction.
Am J Clin Nutr 1976 Sep
PMID:Ineffectiveness of human chorionic gonadotropin in weight reduction: a double-blind study. 78 1

The recognition and treatment of obesity has undergone marked changes in the past two decades. Along with the abandoning of the concept of exogenous obesity, the physician has discovered a variety of developmental, psychological, pharmacologic, socioeconomic, neurological, and genetic roots for the syndrome. The clinician has also found medical treatment modalities (fasting and behavior modification) that hold much more promise than traditional supportive relationships with dietary consultation and anorexogenic medications. Surgical treatment also, ileojejunal bypass, is gradually emerging as a treatment of choice for certain well-motivated, super-obese people for whom all other treatment modalities have failed. Future research into central serotonergic mechanisms offers hope that we can begin to know what it is that turns on hunger, turns off appetite, and regulates weight in such a stable manner over such a long period of time.
Med Clin North Am 1977 Jul
PMID:Basic considerations in the treatment of obesity. 87 19

A group of overweight persons who achieved a substantial weight loss over a 6-month period were compared with a group of overweight persons who showed an unsubstantial weight change and a normal weight control group. All groups were evaluated before the weight program began and at a 6-month follow-up. The substantial weight loss group showed a number of significant changes after weight reduction. Body image rating shifted in the direction of evaluating onself as less heavy, eating was rated as less good and more heavy, and a greater feeling of self-control was indicated. Over time, the change group learned to limit the number of emotional and environmental cues that were discriminative stimuli for eating behavior. There also were more frequent reports of eating in response to cues of hunger after substantial weight loss.
J Clin Psychol 1975 Oct
PMID:Personality, body image, and eating pattern changes in overweight persons after weight loss. 119 14

BRL 26830A is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist drug that shows a high degree of selectivity for thermogenesis and has potential as an antiobesity agent. We undertook a double-blind trial in 40 obese subjects who received either BRL 26830A or placebo for 18 wk. All were prescribed a 3.35 MJ (800 kcal) diet. Weight loss was 15.4 +/- 6.6 (SD) kg on BRL 26830A compared with 10.0 +/- 5.9 kg on placebo (P less than 0.02). The relative weight losses were 0.93% and 0.61%/wk, respectively. Urinary nitrogen excretion was similar in both groups and skinfold measurements indicated a 4-kg difference in fat lost, suggesting that weight loss was mainly from adipose tissue. Psychological assessments showed that BRL 26830A had no adverse effect on mood and no effect on hunger or satiety. Tremor was experienced by 12 of 16 treated subjects who completed the study. It was generally rated as mild, occurred 1 h after dosing, and tended to diminish with time on treatment. Subsequent analysis of the tremor suggested that it is an exaggeration of physiological tremor mediated through skeletal muscle beta 2 adrenoceptors.
Am J Clin Nutr 1992 01
PMID:Clinical studies with the beta-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 26830A. 134 90

Preclinical studies suggest that 5-HT3 antagonists modulate dopamine-mediated responses in the limbic system and may therefore have a therapeutic role in psychiatry. We have examined the effect of ondansetron, a specific 5-HT3 antagonist, on the psychological and psychomotor changes induced by amphetamine in human volunteers. Nine healthy males took part in this double-blind placebo-controlled balanced-crossover study. Each subject received one of three treatments in a randomised manner: (a) placebo/placebo; (b) placebo/amphetamine (15 mg); (c) ondansetron (4 mg)/amphetamine (15 mg). Subjects were assessed for self-ratings of hunger, mood, energy, alertness, restlessness, irritability, and asked to rate the abnormality of their overall subjective state. In addition, systolic blood pressure, and performance on psychomotor tests were repeatedly assessed. Although amphetamine did not cause any significant changes in self-rating of mood, energy, alterness, restlessness or irritability, it induced a significant increase in self-ratings for overall subjective state, and a significant decrease in self-ratings of hunger. Amphetamine also caused an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in the mean time taken to complete the psychomotor tests. Pretreatment with ondansetron attenuated the effects of amphetamine on hunger and subjective state, but not on blood pressure or psychomotor performance tests. These findings suggest that in humans 5-HT3 receptor antagonists may partially modify the subjective effects of amphetamine, and are in keeping with results from animal studies that 5-HT3 receptor antagonists might affect neurotransmission within mesolimbic brain regions. However, it was not possible to exclude a pharmacokinetic interaction to explain the effects of ondansetron.
Int Clin Psychopharmacol 1992
PMID:Ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, partially attenuates the effects of amphetamine: a pilot study in healthy volunteers. 138 3

Self-reported and observer-rated signs and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal were assessed precessation and 2, 7, 14, 30, 90, and 180 days postcessation in smokers who quit on their own for 30 days. Anxiety, difficulty concentrating, hunger, irritability, restlessness, and weight gain increased, and heart rate decreased, postcessation (p less than .001). Except for hunger and weight gain, these symptoms returned to precessation levels by 30 days postcessation. Craving, depression, and alcohol or caffeine intake did not reliably increase. Postcessation depression, but not withdrawal symptoms, craving, or weight gain, predicted relapse. These results are consistent with prior studies.
J Consult Clin Psychol 1992 Oct
PMID:Tobacco withdrawal in self-quitters. 140 84


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