Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Drinking response to the intravenous administration of insulin (0.1 U/kg) was studied in 15 volunteers (eight males and seven females). Water intake was significantly higher after insulin than after saline administration during the 90-min period studied. Plasma glucose decreased significantly in individuals receiving insulin and the time of the maximum decrease (30 min) was concurrent with the beginning of water intake. Haematocrit values in the insulin-treated group were also significantly higher at that time. Plasma renin activity (PRA) after insulin administration was higher than under basal conditions or after saline injection. On the other hand, psychological responses indicated that insulin probably elicits thirst prior to the hunger which appears with hypoglycaemia. A possible role of endogenous insulin in meal-related thirst is hypothesized.
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PMID:Insulin stimulation of water intake in humans. 226 41

To elucidate the roles of glucose-sensitive (GS) and glucose-insensitive (GIS) cells of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), single neuron activity was recorded during 1) microelectrophoretic administration of chemicals, 2) a conditioned bar press feeding task, 3) gustatory, 4) olfactory, and 5) electrical brain stimulation. GS and GIS neurons showed different firing rate changes during phases of the task, and the responses were highly influenced by the palatability of the food and the motivational (hunger or satiety) state of the animal. The two groups of cells also differed in their responsiveness to gustatory and olfactory stimuli: GS neurons were more likely to respond to tastes and odors than GIS cells. Taste- and odor-responsive GS neurons were primarily suppressed by electrophoretically applied noradrenaline and were localized ventromedially within the LHA. The chemosensitive GIS cells, being organized along a dorsolateral axis, were especially excited by dopamine. The two sets of neurons had distinct connections with associative (orbitofrontal, prefrontal) cortical areas. GS and GIS cells, thus, appear to have differential and complex attributes in the control of feeding.
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PMID:Complex attributes of lateral hypothalamic neurons in the regulation of feeding of alert rhesus monkeys. 228 75

Experiments were carried out in normal volunteers to investigate whether preingestion of lipid reduces food intake. In the first set of experiments, 300 ml beef consomme soup with or without 60 g margarine was fed to each of six volunteers, followed 20 minutes later by either a low fat solid meal or a preselected appetising meal. Subjects were allowed to eat as much of the meal as they wished. Preingestion of the high fat soup had no significant effect on the consumption of either of the solid meals and did not influence sensations of hunger or fullness. As we have previously shown that prefeeding a fatty soup delays gastric emptying of a subsequent meal, this suggests that gastric distension may play a relatively minor role in regulating food intake. In the second set of experiments, we studied the effect of ingesting either a high fat breakfast (65 g fat, 927 kcal) or a similar low fat breakfast (8-1 g fat, 418 kcal) on the consumption of a preselected appetising lunch in six healthy volunteers. The high fat breakfast significantly reduced the amount of the meal eaten at lunchtime (p less than 0.02), the total energy intake from the meal (p less than 0.05) and the rate of eating (p less than 0.05) compared with the low fat breakfast. When the subjects were presented with their lunchtime meal they felt significantly less hungry after the high fat breakfast (p less than 0.05). Only a small proportion of either meal (15% of the high fat meal v 12% of the low fat meal) remained in the stomach and plasma glucose concentrations had returned to fasting levels. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were much higher at lunchtime after ingestion of the high fat breakfast (p<0.001). The energy intake from the breakfast and lunch combined was not significantly different on the high fat breakfast day, indicating that the energy consumption at lunch compensates for the amount eaten at breakfast. These results are compatible with the concept that the interaction of nutrients with small intestinal receptors may play a part in limiting food intake.
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PMID:Effect of prefeeding lipid on food intake and satiety in man. 231 73

Cyproheptadine (CH) is a serotonin antagonist that increases food intake and body weight. In order to elucidate its mechanism of action on the control of food intake, hunger ratings, pleasure-displeasure to sweet gustatory stimuli and negative alliesthesia induced by a 50 g glucose load were compared in 14 healthy subjects after they had received a placebo or 16 mg of CH. Cyproheptadine did not affect the hunger rating, nor the affective rating in fasted subjects, but it reduced significantly the negative alimentary alliesthesia induced by the glucose load. It was concluded that CH increases food intake more by reducing satiation than by increasing hunger. This is in line with the anti-serotoninergic properties of CH, and the action of serotonin on the control of food intake.
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PMID:Reduction of negative alliesthesia for sweet gustatory stimuli by cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist. 234 85

Ten healthy volunteers with no history of aspartame intolerance (6 men and 4 women, aged 21-36 years) received a single dose of aspartame (15 mg/kg body weight in capsules) or matching placebo in a randomized, double-blind crossover study. Eleven blood samples collected over 24 hours were analyzed for plasma glucose and amino acid concentrations. The following variables were evaluated at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours post-dosage: changes in mood measured on visual analog scales, cognitive function determined by digit-symbol substitution test (DSST) and arithmetic test scores, and reaction time measured with a brake-pedal reaction timer. Memory was tested at 2 and 24 hours after dosage based on recall of standardized 16-item word lists. No significant differences between aspartame and placebo were found in measures of sedation, hunger, headache, reaction-time, cognition, or memory at any time during the study. Plasma phenylalanine levels were significantly higher following aspartame (P less than .01) than with placebo between 1 and 6 hours postdosage, reaching a maximum difference of +3.36 mumols/dl at 2 hours. Plasma glucose concentrations were not significantly different between aspartame and placebo. The results of this study suggest that following a single 15 mg/kg dose of aspartame, no detectable effects are observed in a group of healthy volunteers with no history of aspartame intolerance, despite significant increases in plasma phenylalanine concentrations.
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PMID:The neuropsychiatric effects of aspartame in normal volunteers. 234 57

The occurrence of severe and mild hypoglycaemic attacks and their symptoms and signs were studied in 92 insulin-dependent diabetic children, 7-18 years old. A questionnaire was distributed to all families and they were interviewed by an experienced nurse. Severe attacks, for which the help of an adult was needed, were reported by 44% of the children during a 12-month period. Thirty-seven per cent of the attacks occurred in the mornings, most often attributed to extra physical exercise, but equally often without any obvious cause. They were more common in children with strict blood glucose control measured as HbA1c. Fast-acting carbohydrates, given by parents, relieved the attack in most children, but 15% needed a glucagon injection and 12% intravenous glucose. In all, 16% were admitted to hospital. Mild events occurred in 97% of the children, at least once per week in 53% of the children, and were not related to blood glucose control. They were often attributed to extra physical exercise and occurred mainly between breakfast and lunch. Initial symptoms were tremor and hunger; during the whole event tremor and sweating were most common. Parents noted pallor as the most common sign. The frequency of severe or mild attacks could not be correlated to the age of the child, duration of diabetes, daily dose or number of insulin injections.
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PMID:Symptomatic hypoglycaemia in childhood diabetes: a population-based questionnaire study. 252 88

Hepatic glucoreceptors have been hypothesized to have an important role in determining normal hunger and satiety. In the present study 23 dogs were fitted with chronic hepatic portal and jugular vein cannulas. The dogs were fed for 1 hr/day. On infusion days (total of 318 infusions) the animals were infused into the portal or jugular veins with a 30% glucose solution (2.4 or 3.6 g/kg, b.wt.), 0.9% NaCl as a volume control or 30% mannitol as an osmotic control and then fed 10 minutes later. The data showed that the dog's food consumption was similar after they received glucose or the appropriate control infusion regardless of the infusion site. Some dogs had blood samples taken for glucose and insulin determinations prior to infusion, at the middle and end of infusion, just prior to food presentation and at the end of the feeding period. Saline and mannitol infusions did not alter plasma glucose or insulin concentrations; whereas there were marked increases in plasma glucose (6-8 x) and insulin (18-19 x) following glucose infusions. Postinfusion glucose values indicated approximately 72% of the infused dose glucose (approximately 43 g) had left the plasma prior to food presentation. Despite the large increases in plasma glucose and insulin, as well as glucose storage and/or oxidation, the dogs consumed amounts of food similar to that eaten after control infusions. Similarly, prefeeding the dogs 20% of their average daily intake prior to infusion did not alter the animals subsequent intake. These data are in agreement with earlier work from our laboratory and question the role of the hypothesized hepatic glucose satiety receptors.
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PMID:The effect of portal and jugular infused glucose, mannitol and saline on food intake in dogs. 255 47

32 subjects with long-term insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were entered into a double-blind, randomised crossover trial with human and porcine insulin. They were treated during both periods with regular insulin and with protamine (NPH) insulin. 18 subjects started with human and 14 with porcine insulin; the two insulin periods each lasted twelve weeks; the insulin doses were much the same in the two periods (mean 23 [SD 9] U daily NPH; 14 [7] U daily regular insulin), as were blood glucose profiles and HbA1c values. There were 171 episodes of hypoglycaemia during human and 150 episodes during porcine insulin. Patients completed questionnaires after each hypoglycaemic episodes and at the end of the trial. Hunger and sweating without concomitant neuroglycopenic symptoms were significantly more frequent as initial warning symptoms during porcine than during human insulin (41% vs 20%), whereas neuroglycopenic symptoms were more frequent during human insulin. At the end of the trial 18 of 32 subjects reported diminished awareness of hypoglycaemia during human insulin compared with 6 of 32 during porcine insulin. Hypoglycaemia developed faster during human than during porcine insulin administration. The transfer of IDDM subjects from porcine to human insulin seems to alter warning symptoms of low blood glucose concentration, with consequent impairment of its early recognition.
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PMID:Warning symptoms of hypoglycaemia during treatment with human and porcine insulin in diabetes mellitus. 256 12

Experiments were carried out on ten healthy male volunteers to investigate the relationship between the return of hunger after a meal and gastric emptying, blood glucose levels and small intestinal motor patterns. There was a significant correlation between the postprandial increase in hunger ratings and the time for 90% of the meal to empty (r = 0.75, p less than 0.02): hunger ratings started to increase in three subjects when over 40% of the food still remained in the stomach, and they continued to increase in all subjects even when the meal had ceased to empty from the stomach. These results suggest the reduction of gastric distension may have a permissive role in the development of hunger after a meal. The increase in hunger was not related to any consistent change in plasma glucose concentration. Finally, the postprandial onset of a fasting motor pattern (phase-III-like activity) always occurred when the stomach had emptied more than 80% of its contents and after hunger had increased. Our data are compatible with the hypothesis that the return of hunger is directly related to a decline in the exposure of the upper small intestine to nutrient stimuli, but could be modulated by gastric distension.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal correlates of the development of hunger in man. 259 41

A 47-year-old man with Graves' disease suffered from a feeling of hunger and sweating in the night, polyarthralgia and fever one month after the start of treatment with methimazole. The above symptoms were ascribed to the side effects of methimazole; insulin autoimmune syndrome and lupus-like syndrome. The change in the antithyroid drug to propylthiouracil caused an amelioration of the symptoms. In addition to an anti-insulin antibody with a high binding capacity, hyperglucagonemia (260 pg/ml with a plasma glucose level of 61 mg/dl) was observed, which returned to normal in parallel with the decrease in the insulin binding capacity of the plasma one month after beginning the treatment with propylthiouracil. A normal decrease in the plasma glucagon level due to exogenous insulin (2 mU/kg/min) was observed with the euglycemic clamp. However, the plasma glucagon level was not suppressed by the oral glucose loading and elicited a poor response to the arginine infusion. Taking previous reports into account, this basal hyperglucagonemia seems to be a characteristic finding in the insulin autoimmune syndrome, while a sluggish response of glucagon to oral glucose or arginine infusion might be ascribed to hyperthyroidism. This is the first case report concerning a kinetical study of the glucagon secretion in insulin autoimmune syndrome with Graves' disease.
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PMID:Hyperglucagonemia of insulin autoimmune syndrome induced by methimazole in a patient with Graves' disease. 265 8


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