Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
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Four cases of combined pharyngeal and esophageal stricture were managed by pharyngogastrostomy 4 months to 42 years after injury. The stomach was brought up to the neck via the posterior mediastinum after the esophagectomy. A thoracotomy was not used. The results were suprisingly good in 3 patients followed to 3 years. A fourth patient died 6 months after the operation. In those patients benefiting from the operation, regurgitation was minimal when a few precautions were observed. The patients have normal hunger pains and appetite. They are able to eat a full-sized meal. The advantages of stomach compared to colon replacement of the esophagus are discussed.
J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1977 Jun
PMID:Pharyngogastrostomy for treatment of severe caustic stricture of the pharynx and esophagus. 87 Jul 63

Several aspects of human eating behaviour may be relevant for identifying effective measures to treat or prevent diseases like obesity, diabetes, or the metabolic syndrome, whose natural history is strongly influenced by nutritional factors. Physiological factors determine hunger, satiety and satiation, and a biological learning mechanism supports the acquisition of food likes and dislikes. The paradigm of "conditioned taste aversion" refers to the acquisition of a strong rejection response after the intake of a food has been followed by digestive disorder. Food likes are acquired following the experience of the beneficial post-ingestive effects of intake. Physiological mechanisms reinforce the liking for energy-rich foods and both environmental and biological conditions facilitate "passive overconsumption". Sensory factors are important determinants of appetite and food choices from birth to old age. The human newborn exhibits an innate repertoire of acceptance or rejection for taste substances. The progressive change of sensory functions associated with ageing affects appetite and the pleasure of eating. Many individual psychological characteristics affect food intake behaviour in a significant way. These include chronic dietary restraint, disinhibition, etc. These psychological traits can be objectively assessed using validated psychometric instruments. Various stimuli present in the environment also affect ingestive behaviours in humans. Portion size is one potent environmental determinant of how much a person eats, regardless of hunger. The general increase in portion sizes observed in North America over the last decades might have played an important role in the rapid rise of obesity prevalence. Socio-economic factors also affect food selection and food intake in human societies. Factors such as education level and income determine food choices and behaviours in a way that does affect the risk of obesity. Behavioural science has provided many insights about crucial cause-and-effect relationships that affect nutrition and health. Therefore, clinicians and nutritionists cannot neglect this important area if they wish to effectively modify the habitual diet of individual patients or the general population.
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2003 Aug
PMID:Why should we study human food intake behaviour? 1465 Mar 50

Obesity is a significant health problem worldwide and is associated with a number of co-morbidities including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, and cardiovascular disease. A number of different pathophysiologic mechanisms including increased inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance have been associated with initiation and progression of atherosclerotic disease in obese individuals. Lifestyle modifications have provided modest results in weight reduction and the focus of interest has now shifted towards drug development to treat severely obese individuals with a body mass index (BMI) >30 kg/m(2) or those with a BMI >27 kg/m(2) who have additional co-morbidities. Different regimens focusing on dietary absorption or acting centrally to control hunger and food intake have been developed. However, their weight loss effect is, in most cases, modest and this effect is lost once the medication is discontinued. In addition, long-term use of these drugs is limited by significant side effects and lack of long-term safety and efficacy data. Orlistat is the only US FDA-approved medication for long-term use. A number of new medications are currently under investigation in phase III trials with promising preliminary results. This review comments on available anti-obesity pharmacologic regimens, their weight-loss benefit, and their impact on cardiovascular risk factors.
Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012 Apr 01
PMID:Drug treatment of obesity in cardiovascular disease. 2229 46

Introduction: Nowadays, prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing in the world. There are inconsistence findings about the relationship between food insecurity and MetS. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the association between food insecurity and MetS in North West of Iran. Methods: The anthropometric measurements, food insecurity, dietary intake, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBS), serum triglyceride and HDL levels of 151 subjects who had participated in Azar cohort study were evaluated. Food security was assessed by Household Food Security Scale (HFIAS) (six-item short questionnaire) and dietary intake (using 24- hour recall questionnaire) of participants. MetS was defined according to National Cholesterol Education Program's Adult Treatment Panel III report (ATPIII ) criteria. Results: On the basis of HFIAS and energy, 7.3% and 11.9% of participants were food insecure and hunger, respectively. We observed no significant differences in mean body weight, BMI, waist circumference and FBS between food insecure and secure groups. Moreover, obesity (41.7% vs 30.2%) and MetS (45.5% vs 30%) were more prevalent in the food insecure group but the differences were not significant. Conclusion: The most percent of participants in food insecure were obese and had MetS. However, we could not find significant differences between food insecure and food secure groups. Therefore, for achieving more clear results, further studies with large sample size are needed.
J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2019
PMID:Association between food insecurity and metabolic syndrome in North West of Iran: Azar Cohort study. 3157 59