Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of an eight day starvation period on semen characteristics and some endocrine parameters of young bulls. The experiments were performed with 18 bulls in two trials showing the following set-up: pre-treatment period (7 or 20 days), starvation period (8 days), realimentation period (3 days) and control period (64 days). During the pre-treatment period and the control period the bulls obtained a well-balanced food-ration, during the period of starvation only 2 kg straw daily. During the starvation period the bulls lost 6% of their bodyweight. No influence on general health could be noticed. The concentrations of testosterone, LH, bovine growth hormone, insulin and insulin-like growth factor decreased significantly during or after the period of starvation. There was no clear influence in volume, sperm density and total number of sperm due to the metabolic stress during the hunger period. The initial progressive motility of sperm was not affected. The percentage of morphological abnormal spermatozoa increased 45-55 days after the hunger period. Simultaneously the semen freezability was decreased. An influence on the acrosomal morphology of frozen/thawed spermatozoa could not be obtained. The concentration of fructose, citric acid and glycerylphosphorylcholine (GPC) of the seminal plasma was insignificantly influenced during the period of starvation. The realimentation caused a stimulating effect on the secretion mainly of GPC.
 ...
PMID:[Effects of a metabolic endurance test developed for the constitution examination of young bulls on spermatologic and endocrine parameters]. 207 62

Intensity and pleasantness of five suprathreshold concentrations each of citric acid, NaCl, urea, and sucrose in beverages were scaled by 62 patients with primary tumors in upper gastrointestinal or thoracic areas, 22 of whom had chemotherapy within the month before testing. Mean intensity scores directly correlated with concentration of sour, salty, bitter, and sweet stimuli and indicated no abnormalities of taste perception among patients grouped by tumor site, therapy, or appetite. In contrast, mean hedonic functions differed among individuals and groups. Patients on chemotherapy were less likely to display a distinct preference for any of the five concentrations of sucrose, particularly high levels, than those not on chemotherapy. Anorectics were more likely to prefer lower sweetness levels than nonanorectics, but sweet foods constituted a greater percentage of their daily caloric intake. Current theories for regulation of hunger and satiety were examined to elucidate the pathogenesis of anorexia in cancer patients.
 ...
PMID:Is taste related to anorexia in cancer patients? 695 61

Sensory aspects of cigarette smoke are important for providing smoking satisfaction. In previous studies, we have found that substitution of the sensory cues of smoking with a citric acid aerosol significantly reduces craving for cigarettes and enhances smoking reduction and cessation with people trying to quit smoking cigarettes. In the current study, we conducted two clinical smoking cessation trials using an ascorbic acid aerosol as a sensory substitute. The cigarette substitute consisted of a cigarette-sized tube which delivered a fine aerosol of ascorbic acid (approx. 1 mg/puff, up to a maximum of 300 mg/day). Study 1 examined the overall effectiveness of the ascorbic acid smoking substitute device. One group of subjects which used the device and received clinical counseling was compared with another group which received only clinical counseling. The group using the device showed significantly greater abstinence rates at 3 weeks post-cessation. After the subjects stopped using the device, no difference in abstinence was detected. Study 2 was conducted to focus specifically on the role of tracheobronchial sensations in relieving craving for cigarettes. Two closely matched ascorbic acid delivery systems were compared. One device delivered fine particles of ascorbic acid that were targeted to reach the trachea, while the other delivered coarser particles of ascorbic acid that were not expected to reach the trachea or lower airways. An initial enhancement in smoking reduction was found for subjects using the fine particle device relative to those using the coarse particle device. However, by the end of treatment (5 weeks) both groups showed similar degrees of smoking reduction. For those who were abstinent from smoking at the end of treatment, craving for cigarettes and negative mood were both significantly lower for those using the fine particle device. Also, hunger for food was significantly lower in the fine particle device group. These results suggest that ascorbic acid delivered from a cigarette substitute may be effective in reducing smoking and promoting smoking abstinence.
 ...
PMID:Clinical trials using ascorbic acid aerosol to aid smoking cessation. 826 86

To study the effect of exercise on appetite in men, hunger, thirst, taste perception, energy intake, and macronutrient choice were assessed in relation to exercise and to sauna; the latter was done to correct for dehydration and rise in body temperature. Since exercise is used to prevent and cure obesity, subjects included obese as well as nonobese men. Thirty subjects (25 +/- 7 years, BMI 22.8 +/- 1.6 and 28.5 +/- 1.9) were given twice, in random order before and after 2 h of cycling at 60% of Wmax, 2 h of sauna, or 2 h of rest, an ample choice from solid and liquid almost single-macronutrient food items and a taste perception test with solutions of sucrose, citric acid, NaCl, quinine, a mixture of these, and a carbohydrate electrolyte solution. After cycling as well as after sauna, in comparison to after rest, subjects lost 3 +/- 0.5% of body mass, while thirst, fluid intake, perception of sweet at relatively low concentrations, and percentage of energy coming from carbohydrate increased significantly. Only after cycling compared to after rest did perception of bitterness at a low concentration increase and hunger and energy intake decrease. We conclude that exercise induced a short-term reduction in hunger and energy intake, whereas exercise and sauna induced a short-term increase in taste perception of sweet at the lower concentration, while macronutrient preference of carbohydrate increased.
 ...
PMID:Acute effects of exercise or sauna on appetite in obese and nonobese men. 938 24

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the pleasantness of a food on satiation (meal termination) and satiety. It was also studied whether or not the subsequent availability of other attractive foods affected the effect of palatability on intake. In a within-subjects repeated-measures design, 35 (26 female and 9 male) young healthy nonrestrained subjects consumed at lunchtime a preload consisting of tomato soup, and a buffet/test meal consisting of many attractive food items. Three factors were manipulated. The palatability of the preload was manipulated by varying the citric acid concentration of the soup at three levels: 0 (pleasant), 7.5 (less pleasant), and 15 (unpleasant) g citric acid/kg soup. Intake of the soup was either ad lib (for investigation of satiation), or standardized (350 g for women, and 500 g for men; for investigation of satiety). The third factor was the availability of other foods, manipulated by the amount of time between start of preload and start of the test meal (intermeal interval = IMI), which was set at two levels: 15 and 90 min. Subjects rated hunger and satiety feelings, before the preload, and in between preload and test meal. The results showed that the ad lib intakes of the less pleasant and unpleasant soups were about 65 and 40% of the intake of the pleasant soup. Subjects ingested about 20% more soup when the subjects had to wait for the test meal about 90 min, compared to the 15 min IMI condition. The availability of other foods had no effect on the effect of pleasantness on ad lib intake. There was also no effect of the pleasantness on subsequent satiety: hunger ratings and test meal intake were similar after the three standardized soups. One conclusion is that pleasantness of foods has an effect on satiation but not on subsequent satiety. A second conclusion is that people eat more of a food when they know that they have no access to other foods for a particular amount of time.
 ...
PMID:Palatability affects satiation but not satiety. 1038 14

The aim of this study was to clarify whether coughing elicited by airway irritation can modulate the sensation of air hunger. Using a visual analog scale (VAS), we measured air hunger for 30 s following breakpoint of a breath-hold in healthy young subjects who were asked to resume their breathing according to four patterns (free breathing, citric acid inhalation, voluntary cough, and panting) before and/or after airway anaesthesia. We also measured air hunger for citric acid-induced coughing and voluntary coughing without the preceding breath-holding. The free breathing after breakpoint of breath-holding causes an immediate relief of air hunger (VAS median values at 5, 15 and 25 s after breath-hold: 39, 0 and 0), whereas voluntary coughing causes a delay in the relief of air hunger (67, P < 0.05; 17, P < 0.05; and 0, NS) and a slower relief occurred during citric acid-induced coughing (81, P < 0.01; 49, P < 0.05; and 12, P < 0.05). Conversely, the voluntary coughing and citric acid-induced coughing per se failed to induce air hunger. Inhalation of lidocaine aerosol completely abolished the cough response to citric acid inhalation causing an immediate relief of air hunger, whereas airway anaesthesia alleviated only slightly the air hunger during voluntary coughing. The changes in air hunger during the panting were similar to those during the voluntary coughing observed before airway anaesthesia and were not affected by airway anaesthesia (VAS at 15 s point before versus after anaesthesia: 18 versus 15; NS). Coughing induced by airway irritation per se does not generate the sensation of air hunger but can aggravate it, presumably by vagally mediated mechanisms and/or central mechanisms.
 ...
PMID:Coughing induced by airway irritation modulates the sensation of air hunger. 1797 90

This event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (er-fMRI) study investigated BOLD signal change in response to a series of pure gustatory stimuli that varied in stimulus quality when subjects were hungry and sated with a nutritional pre-load. Group analyses showed significant differences in activation in the hunger minus satiety condition in response to sucrose, caffeine, saccharin, and citric acid within the thalamus, hippocampus, and parahippocampus. When examining the hunger and satiety conditions, activation varied as a function of stimulus, with the majority of the stimuli exhibiting significantly greater activation in the hunger state within the insula, thalamus, and substantia nigra, in contrast to decreased activation in the satiated state within the parahippocampus, hippocampus, amygdala, and anterior cingulate. Region of interest (ROI) analysis revealed two significant interactions, ROI by physiology and ROI by physiology by stimulus. In the satiety condition, the primary (inferior and superior insulae) and secondary (OFC 11 and OFC 47) taste regions exhibited significantly greater brain activation in response to all stimuli than regions involved in processing eating behavior (hypothalamus), affect (amygdala), and memory (hippocampus, parahippocampus and entorhinal cortex). These same regions demonstrated significantly greater activation within the hunger condition than the satiety condition, with the exception of the superior insula. Furthermore, the patterns of activation differed as a function taste stimulus, with greater activation in response to sucrose than to the other stimuli. These differential patterns of activation suggest that the physiological states of hunger and satiety produce divergent activation in multiple brain areas in response to different pure gustatory stimuli.
 ...
PMID:Cortical activation in response to pure taste stimuli during the physiological states of hunger and satiety. 1900 93

It is a common clinical observation that the sensation of dyspnoea is aggravated by coughing in patients with dyspnoea. Since the vagus nerve plays a significant role not only in generation of the cough reflex but also in the modulation of respiratory sensations, it is possible that the aggravation of dyspnoea with coughing may occur through vagal mechanisms. The results of our study in healthy human subjects showed that the free breathing after the breakpoint of breathholding causes an immediate relief of air hunger whereas voluntary coughing causes a delay in the relief of air hunger and a slower relief occurred during citric acid-induced coughing. Conversely, the voluntary coughing and citric acid-induced coughing per se failed to induce air hunger. Nebulized lidocaine inhalation completely abolished the cough response to citric acid inhalation causing an immediate relief of air hunger whereas airway anaesthesia improved only slightly the air hunger during voluntary coughing. We also showed that the breathing pattern during a paroxysm of coughing can be characterized by a high frequency with a relatively small tidal volume. Like voluntary coughing, panting caused a slight delay in the relief of air hunger but this delay was not affected by airway anaesthesia. Although the evidence was circumstantial, these results of human experiments suggest that the aggravation of dyspnoea during coughing may be due to the aggravation of air hunger brought about by vagally-mediated mechanisms. However, we cannot still deny the possibility that neural behaviours that sustain the rapid, shallow breathing may cause the subject to have a sensation of unrelieved air hunger, indicating the importance of a central effect.
 ...
PMID:Aggravation of dyspnoea by coughing: vagal mechanisms. 1902 56

Changes in appetite in older adults may result in unhealthy weight change and negatively affect overall nutrition. Research examining gustatory processing in young adults has linked changes in patterns of the hemodynamic response of gustatory and motivation related brain regions to the physiological states of hunger and satiety. Whether the same brain regions are involved in taste processing in older adults is unknown. The current study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine age-related changes in gustatory processing during hedonic assessment. Caffeine, citric acid, sucrose, and NaCl were administered orally during two event-related fMRI sessions, one during hunger and one after a pre-load. Participants assessed the pleasantness of the solutions in each session. Increased activity of the insula was seen in both age groups during hunger. Activity of secondary and higher order taste processing and reward regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and caudate nucleus was also observed. Hunger and satiety differentially affected the hemodynamic response, resulting in positive global activation during hunger and negative during satiety in both age groups. While in a state of hunger, the frequency and consistency of positive activation in gustatory and reward processing regions was greater in older adults. Additional regions not commonly associated with taste processing were also activated in older adults. Investigating the neurological response of older adults to taste stimuli under conditions of hunger and satiety may aid in understanding appetite, health, and functional changes in this population.
 ...
PMID:Age-related functional changes in gustatory and reward processing regions: An fMRI study. 2047 70

Although males and females differ in eating behavior and prevalence rates for eating disorders and obesity, little is known about gender differences in cortical activation to pleasant and unpleasant pure tastes during the physiological states of hunger and satiety. Twenty-one healthy young adults (12 females and 9 males) underwent two functional magnetic resonance imaging scans. Using four pure tastants of differing qualities (i.e., salty, sour, bitter, sweet), the present study examined gender differences in fMRI activation during two motivational states (hunger and satiety). There was greater change in fMRI activation from hunger to satiety in males than females in response to all tastes within the middle frontal gyrus (BA 10), insula, and cerebellum. Males also had greater change in activation from hunger to satiety, relative to females, in limbic regions including dorsal striatum, amygdala, parahippocampal gyrus, and posterior and anterior cingulate; however, activation was stimulus dependent, despite equivalent ratings in perceived pleasantness and intensity. Interestingly, males and females showed significant change from hunger to satiety in response to citric acid, suggesting that in addition to gender and physiological condition, stimulus quality is an important factor in taste fMRI activation. These gender differences may have implications for the pathophysiology of eating disorders and obesity.
 ...
PMID:Males and females show differential brain activation to taste when hungry and sated in gustatory and reward areas. 2171 31


1 2 Next >>