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 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Very fat people die earlier than people of normal weight because hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease are more frequent among the markedly obese. Most obese subjects, however, are only slightly overweight and their mortality is not elevated. Reasons for dieting are more often psychological than somatic. 2. Reducing diets are ineffective because the obese rarely follow them. Total fasting and intestinal bypass may provide better results, but are more dangerous. 3. Atkins' diet eliminates carbohydrates from food without restricting protein and fat intake. Deprived of carbohydrates, the body uses fat for fuel. A small part of metabolized fat is eliminated in the urine as ketone bodies, and this is why such diets are called "ketogenic". They have been known at least since 1863. 4. Caloric loss due to ketonuria does not exceed 100 Cal/day in the non-diabetic. It is maximal during total fasting and cannot be increased by a ketogenic diet. 5. In the short run, such diets produce rapid weight loss due to polyuria. On the other hand, refeeding carbohydrates causes water retention and weight gain. 6. The diet decreases appetite: patients eat less without feeling severe hunger and without measuring their food intake. 7. Orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and nausea are frequent, despite what Dr. ATKINS claims. 8. The diet increases plasma cholesterol and uric acid. It may be dangerous in diabetes (anorexia, acidosis) and in heart or kidney failure (hypokalemia). 9. The diet, though far from good, is better than the book. ATKINS' theories are at best half-truths, and the results he claims lack credibility. The obese subject's disappointment with traditional reducing diets and the book's hard-sell style account for ATKINS' success.
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PMID:[Dr. Atkins' dietetic revolution: a critique]. 89 45

A group of overweight persons who achieved a substantial weight loss over a 6-month period were compared with a group of overweight persons who showed an unsubstantial weight change and a normal weight control group. All groups were evaluated before the weight program began and at a 6-month follow-up. The substantial weight loss group showed a number of significant changes after weight reduction. Body image rating shifted in the direction of evaluating onself as less heavy, eating was rated as less good and more heavy, and a greater feeling of self-control was indicated. Over time, the change group learned to limit the number of emotional and environmental cues that were discriminative stimuli for eating behavior. There also were more frequent reports of eating in response to cues of hunger after substantial weight loss.
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PMID:Personality, body image, and eating pattern changes in overweight persons after weight loss. 119 14

Our knowledge of hunger and bodyweight regulation is gradually increasing. There are wide interindividual variations in nutritional needs and therefore in susceptibility to gross overweight. Obesity is associated with disturbances in neurosensorial, hormonal and metabolic regulations which are now much better understood. Studies of certain ethnic groups in which obesity is particularly prevalent contribute to the genetic approach to the condition. As in animals, where obesity models correspond to mono- or polygenic transmissions, it is probable that in human beings obesity is a syndrome with multiple causes.
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PMID:[Physiopathology of human obesity]. 128 68

Dexfenfluramine has been demonstrated to produce decreases in daily energy intake varying between 13 and 25% depending on the time for which the drug has been administered. This reduction in energy intake is achieved by a decrease in the size of meals (11-40% depending on the dose) and by a decrease in the frequency of snacks consumed between meals. These objective adjustments are accompanied by a decrease in the level of perceived hunger, particularly apparent in the postprandial period. Taken together these changes can be interpreted as an action of dexfenfluramine to intensify the satiating power of food. This effect is consistent with the proposed role of serotonin systems in the mediation of satiety. The effect of dexfenfluramine on eating parameters leads to an overall modulation of the pattern of eating and the profile of motivation to eat. The reduction in energy intake achieved by this modulation is consistent with the weight losses recorded following several months of treatment. This restraint over the expression of appetite exerted by dexfenfluramine appears to be present even after 12 months of continuous treatment. These demonstrated actions should help overweight people to achieve a better management of their appetite in order to assist weight loss and to prevent weight regain.
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PMID:Dexfenfluramine and appetite in humans. 133 23

Eating behavior in eating-disordered subjects was investigated by recording food intake and subjective ratings following three preloads differing in calories, weight and connotation. Subjects were patients with a DSM-IIIR diagnosis of anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa and nonpatient volunteers (normal-weight or overweight dieters, and normal-weight nondieters). After all preloads, anorectics ate significantly less than all other subjects except normal-weight dieters, and anorectics rated hunger and desire to eat consistently lower and fullness greater than all other subjects. When analysis of intake was adjusted for body weight, anorectics and normal-weight dieters still consumed significantly less than controls. Anorectics selected foods that were lower in fat and carbohydrate and ate a larger proportion of calories as protein than the other subjects. All groups decreased subsequent intake after the high-calorie preload except bulimics. This study demonstrates that the regulatory capacity of eating-disordered individuals can be investigated and that aberrant eating behavior was observed.
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PMID:Eating behavior in eating disorders: response to preloads. 194 1

Fifty-two (41 females, 11 males) overweight patients, mean body mass index (BMI) = 29.3, were treated for 6 months in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design. The treatment consisted of an energy restricted diet and a dietary fibre supplement amounting to 7 g/day. After treatment the weight reduction in the fibre-treated group, 5.5 +/- 0.7 kg, was significantly higher than that of the placebo group, 3.0 +/- 0.5 kg (P = 0.005). Both groups were normotensive and comparable commencing treatment, 126.5/75.6 +/- 2.0/1.3 mm Hg versus 126.7/78.7 +/- 2.5/1.6 mm Hg. The treatment changed blood pressure non-significantly. Hunger feelings using visual analogue scales (VAS) were significantly reduced from 139.8 +/- 8.2 cm to 118.3 +/- 7.0 cm in the fibre-treated group, whereas a significant increase from 129.5 +/- 6.9 cm to 146.9 +/- 8.8 cm (P less than 0.02) was seen in the placebo group. Side-effects were predominantly gastrointestinal and equally distributed in the two groups. It is concluded that a dietary fibre supplement is of value in the management of overweight, enhancing weight loss and decreasing hunger feelings.
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PMID:Overweight treated with energy restriction and a dietary fibre supplement: a 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. 217 78

During the past 50 years, obesity has increasingly become a problem in Western societies. If low energy output by these individuals (i.e. lack of exercise) cannot be held totally accountable for this problem, then their energy input (i.e. appetite) must play a significant role. There are many elements that give rise to appetite disturbances and their effects on weight gain, weight loss or its maintenance. Previously, it was thought that emotional disturbances led to overeating and overweight; a theory that was supplanted later by the theory that physiological rather than psychological causes were to blame. Today, it is generally believed that appetite is controlled by the interaction of internal (genetic, physiological and chemical) and external (environmental and psychosocial) processes. The role of nutritional and dietary factors in controlling the expression of appetite are particularly important. Thus, appetite (hyperphagia or increased hunger) can be induced by changes in brain neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, altered liver metabolism, adjustments of the nutrient/sensory components of the diet, environmentally applied stressors, the mental and behavioural imposition of dieting and the administration of various psychotropic medications. This review focuses on the role of each of these mechanisms plays in the genesis and maintenance of appetite disturbances; the conclusion of each of these contributions is the same--control of appetite must be achieved in order to treat obesity, and to do this, control must be exerted via regulation of the food supply, cognitive methods, environmental adjustment or by pharmacological tools.
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PMID:Appetite disturbance and the problems of overweight. 219 72

The food intake of 27 underweight, normal-weight and overweight women was monitored during laboratory luncheon meals of solid food units (SFUs), bite-sized spirals of bread with different sandwich fillings. Simultaneous, but not sequential, presentation of three SFU flavors increased intake compared to presentation of a single flavor in normal-weight and overweight women. Neither variety manipulation enhanced intake in the underweight women, who are more than the other subjects in all conditions. The fact that the foods were so similar probably reduced the effectiveness of the variety manipulations. Overweight and normal-weight subjects had different patterns of intake, but only when eating a single flavor of SFU. Only overweight subjects ate less when three flavors of SFUs were hidden from view in the apparatus used to monitor intake. This procedure prevented subjects from selecting particular flavors of SFUs. Differences in cognitive restraint probably do not explain the differences in the eating behavior of normal-weight and overweight subjects in the present study. Lack of dietary restraint or a high level of hunger may account for the different eating behavior of the underweight subjects compared to the other subjects.
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PMID:Effects of variety on food intake of underweight, normal-weight and overweight women. 224 Nov 42

Eating disorders, particularly weight control disorders, appear resistant to long-term modification. While personal values have been shown to influence long-term behavior, their influence on eating patterns has not been studied because of the lack of an instrument to measure those values that are specific to eating. The Eating Values Survey (EVS) was created to measure priorities given to 21 eating-related values, such as sensory qualities of food, the experience of hunger, socializing with others, body appearance, nutritional contribution to health, etc. Responses of 109 male and 99 female university students to the EVS were found stable over a 2-week period and revealed five factors, identified as Gusto, Easy Necessity, Orderliness, Gourmet, and Social Approval. EVS scores also correlated significantly with such self-reported eating disorder variables as being overweight and self-induced vomiting. Sex differences in eating values appeared matters of emphasis rather than of distinction.
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PMID:Measuring personal values that are specific to eating: reliability, factors, and eating pattern correlates. 272 81

Among 135 overweight subjects, we conducted a three-month randomized controlled trial of two sets of dietary advice, each providing approximately 1,000 calories per day but differing in fiber, carbohydrate, and fat content. Information on weight and eating habits, as well as measures of lipoprotein and glucose metabolism were obtained at entry and one and three months later. We found that dieters given low carbohydrate/low fiber dietary advice tended to lose more weight than those given a higher carbohydrate/higher fiber regimen (5.0 vs 3.7 kg on average at three months). This pattern was particularly marked among women, and among participants who were under age 40 or of lower social class. There were no differences between the diet groups in the proportion complaining of hunger but, in general, members of the low carbohydrate group complained of more problems in dieting. There were only minor differences in the serum lipoprotein patterns during the diet period. In view of these results, we believe previous claims of the benefits of fiber for weight loss may have been overstated.
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PMID:A randomized controlled trial of low carbohydrate and low fat/high fiber diets for weight loss. 302 Oct 6


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