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Dieting and concern with weight were found to be associated with psychological and neurological symptoms observed in cases of severe semi-starvation. College students of both sexes (n 292) and high school females (n121) rated themselves on dietary restraint and psychological and physical symptoms that were prevalent in men after 24 weeks in the Minnesota semi-starvation experiment of 1944-5. Apprehension, irritability, and moodiness were associated with a high concern with restraint. Blank spells, hunger pain, concern for health, and social withdrawal were associated with a history of restraint. Depression, lower self-esteem, eating behavior patterns, apathy, and decreased motivation were associated with both restraint parameters. Our results suggest that normal dieting may be more closely related to psychological and health risks associated with chronic semi-starvation than is commonly believed.
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PMID:Relation of Dieting in College and High School Students to Symptoms Associated with Semi-starvation. 2204 19

This paper presents a rationale that may significantly boost the drive to promote positive welfare states in animals. The rationale is based largely, but not exclusively, on an experimentally supported neuropsychological understanding of relationships between emotions and behaviour, an understanding that has not yet been incorporated into animal welfare science thinking. Reference is made to major elements of the neural/cognitive foundations of motivational drives that energise and direct particular behaviours and their related subjective or emotional experiences. These experiences are generated in part by sensory inputs that reflect the animal's internal functional state and by neural processing linked to the animal's perception of its external circumstances. The integrated subjective or emotional outcome of these inputs corresponds to the animal's welfare status. The internally generated subjective experiences represent motivational urges or drives that are predominantly negative and include breathlessness, thirst, hunger and pain. They are generated by, and elicit specific behaviours designed to correct, imbalances in the animal's internal functional state. Externally generated subjective experiences are said to be integral to the operation of interacting 'action-orientated systems' that give rise to particular behaviours and their negative or positive emotional contents. These action-orientated systems, described in neuropsychological terms, give rise to negative emotions that include fear, anger and panic, and positive emotions that include comfort, vitality, euphoria and playfulness. It is argued that early thinking about animal welfare management focused mainly on minimising disturbances to the internal functional states that generate associated unpleasant motivational urges or drives. This strategy produced animal welfare benefits, but at best it could only lift a poor net welfare status to a neutral one. In contrast, strategies designed to manipulate the emotional action-orientated systems have the potential to replace the negative emotions generated within those systems with positive ones, and thereby may lift a poor net state of welfare beyond the neutral point to a net positive state. It is hoped that the analysis presented here will enhance the drive to promote positive welfare states by providing cogent and convincing neuropsychological support for the formulation of additional, more directed welfare code recommendations and standards that focus on the animal's behaviour.
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PMID:Animal emotions, behaviour and the promotion of positive welfare states. 2217 22

Providers frequently report pain as a barrier to weight loss, and initial evidence suggests individuals with chronic pain and obesity experience reduced treatment success. However, scant evidence informs our understanding of how this comorbidity negatively influences treatment outcome. More effective programs might be designed with (i) insight into the patient's experience of comorbid chronic pain and obesity and (ii) improved understanding of the behavioral linkages between the experience of pain, engagement in health behaviors, and obesity treatment outcomes. Thirty adult primary care patients with mean BMI = 36.8 (SD 8.9) and average 0-10 pain intensity = 5.6 (SD 1.9) participated in semistructured, in-depth interviews. Transcriptions were analyzed using the constant comparative method. Five themes emerged indicating that patients with comorbid chronic pain and obesity experience: depression as magnifying the comorbid physical symptoms and complicating treatment; hedonic hunger triggered by physical pain and associated with depression and shame; emotional or "binge" eating in response to pain; altered dietary choices in response to pain; and low self-efficacy for physical activity due to pain. Individuals with chronic pain and obesity may be less responsive to traditional interventions that fail to address the symbiotic relationship between the two conditions. These individuals are at-risk for depressive symptoms and eating and activity patterns that sustain the comorbidity and make treatment problematic, and they may respond to pain with behaviors that promote weight gain, poor health and low mood. Further research is needed to examine behavioral mechanisms that promote comorbid pain and obesity, and to develop targeted treatment modules.
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PMID:"The more pain I have, the more I want to eat": obesity in the context of chronic pain. 2233 58

Numerous behavioral pain measures have been validated for young children, but none is appropriate to assess pain in emergency departments (EDs), where caregivers need a simple, easily completed scale. Our objective was to elaborate and validate a tool, relevant in any painful situation, with agitation or prostration, and for any age under 7 years. Five items (scored 0 to 3) were developed by pediatric pain and emergency caregivers. The new scale, called EVENDOL, was tested at children's arrival and after analgesics, at rest, and during mobilization. The validation study included 291 children from birth to 7 years old in 4 French EDs, and independent observations by the ED nurse and a researcher. The Cronbach coefficient was excellent (0.83 to 0.92). Construct validity was demonstrated by a decrease in scores after nalbuphine: 8.14 to 3.62 of 15 at rest (P<.0001), 11.87 to 6.65 at mobilization (P = .0011); by good correlations between EVENDOL and nurse or researcher numerical scores: 0.79 to 0.92 (P<.0001); by good correlations between children's self-assessment scores and EVENDOL in children ages 4 to 7 (0.64 to 0.93). Discriminant validity with tiredness, anxiety, and hunger was good. Interrater reliability was excellent between nurses and researcher (weighted kappa 0.7 to 0.9), and in a group of 6 nurses (simultaneous assessment of 122 videos). The treatment threshold was determined at 4 of 15. EVENDOL has excellent validity and can be used for all children under age 7 in EDs, for any age and any pain, acute as well as more prolonged.
Pain 2012 Aug
PMID:EVENDOL, a new behavioral pain scale for children ages 0 to 7 years in the emergency department: design and validation. 2441 57

Heightened cortisol response to stress due to hyperactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis may stimulate appetite and food intake. In this study, we assessed cortisol responsivity to a cold pressor test (CPT) as well as appetite ratings and subsequent test meal intake (TMI) in obese women. Following an overnight fast on two counterbalanced days, 20 obese women immersed their non-dominant hand for 2min in ice water (CPT) or warm water (WW) as a control. Plasma cortisol (ng/ml), heart rate, and blood pressure, as well as ratings of stress, pain, and appetite, were serially acquired. An ad libitum liquid meal was offered at 45min and intake measured covertly. Fasting cortisol was higher at 15min (mean peak cortisol) following the CPT compared to WW. Higher stress was reported at 2 and 15min for the CPT compared to WW. Pain, an indirect marker of the acute stress, systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased following the CPT at 2min compared to WW. Hunger decreased after the CPT at 2 and 15min, and desire to eat ratings were lower following CPT compared to WW. Subjects did not have greater test meal intake (TMI) following CPT compared to WW. There was also no significant relationship between cortisol levels following stress and TMI, indicating that cortisol did not predict subsequent intake in obese women.
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PMID:Plasma cortisol levels in response to a cold pressor test did not predict appetite or ad libitum test meal intake in obese women. 2298 69

Recommendations for the different forms of sheep and goat husbandry based on the legal regulations are summarized. These are given in particular respect to transhumance, tending, alpine farming, and indoor housing. The requirements for pasture, housing, supply of water and food, lambing, rearing of lambs, and health management are intensively discussed. The general requirements of the extensive as well as of the intensive husbandry of sheep and goats are defined. Examples of species-specific capabilities for adaption, the limits of adaption, and signs of decompensation are provided. Compliance with these recommendations should accord the animals entrusted to our care the "five freedoms (13)": 1. Freedom from hunger and thirst, 2. freedom from discomfort, 3. freedom from pain, injury, or disease, 4. freedom to express normal behaviour, and 5. freedom from fear and distress.
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PMID:[Recommendations for the husbandry and welfare of sheep and goats by the German Small Ruminant Veterinary Association. Part 1]. 2307 61

Feelings are mental experiences of body states. They signify physiological need (for example, hunger), tissue injury (for example, pain), optimal function (for example, well-being), threats to the organism (for example, fear or anger) or specific social interactions (for example, compassion, gratitude or love). Feelings constitute a crucial component of the mechanisms of life regulation, from simple to complex. Their neural substrates can be found at all levels of the nervous system, from individual neurons to subcortical nuclei and cortical regions.
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PMID:The nature of feelings: evolutionary and neurobiological origins. 2332 61

The comprehensiveness of assessments of experimental, teaching and testing harms, and the actions taken to minimise them, are measures of the scientist's acceptance of ethical responsibility for all features of each procedure that affect animals adversely. A system, refined from its original 1994 form, has been devised to assist in this process. Five "domains of potential animal welfare compromise" are identified. Domain 1 is Water deprivation, food deprivation, malnutrition; Domain 2 is Environmental challenge; Domain 3 is Disease, injury, functional impairment; Domain 4 is Behavioural, interactive restriction; and Domain 5 is Anxiety, fear, pain, distress, thirst, hunger and boredom. A proposal would be examined systematically in all these domains, and the degree of compromise in each rated on a five-step, non-numerical scale--O, A, B, C, X. Anxiety, fear, pain, distress, thirst, hunger and boredom arising from compromise in Domains 1-4, would be cumulated into Domain 5. The overall rating would commonly be that given to Domain 5, but if this were low or unknown, it would be given to the highest rating in the other domains. Each experimental group in a study would be rated so that compromise overall would neither be underestimated nor overestimated. Both the researcher and the animal ethics committee would rate each group in these terms.
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PMID:Comprehensive assessment of harms caused by experimental, teaching and testing procedures on live animals. 2358 Nov 17

Hunger is complex, encompassing experiences ranging from a family's forced acceptance of a monotonous diet to individual physiological pain. I evaluate the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) as a means of capturing the universal elements of hunger without doing violence to its culturally-specific expressions within two Malay communities. The HFIAS is assessed conceptually by comparing its assumptions and concept-to-measurement gap with competing indicators and practically with respect to village conditions and practices. This case study recommends the HFIAS for this site and for communities that similarly lack maternal buffering, while highlighting the unique features of the local hunger experience.
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PMID:Evaluating household food insecurity: applications and insights from rural Malaysia. 2380 13

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that targets myelinated axons in the central nervous system. Headache has been reported as a subtle symptom of the onset of MS, with a variable frequency of 1.6-28.5%; however, it remains unclear whether headache is a true symptom of MS onset. Here, we report the case of a female patient who had a history of migraine without aura and experienced worsening of migraine-headache symptoms as the initial manifestation of MS. Three similar cases were reported previously; however, unlike this case, those cases had no history of migraine without aura. In our case, we excluded factors that could trigger migraine attacks, such as changes in weather, drugs, alcohol, caffeine withdrawal, stress, fatigue, lack of sleep, hormonal therapy, diet, and hunger. The patient had one episode of MS attack with the simultaneous presence of asymptomatic gadolinium-enhancing and non-enhancing lesions, including hyperintense lesions in the bilateral periventricular white matter, body of the corpus callosum, and periaqueductal grey matter, as observed on the T2-weighted images obtained at the first brain magnetic resonance imaging. In addition, after the injection of gadolinium contrast, ring enhancement over these lesions was noted in T1-weighted images, which was suggestive of active demyelination. MS was diagnosed according to the McDonald criteria (2010 revision). We conclude that MS with periaqueductal grey matter involvement may present with worsening migraine. It is important to be cautious if any secondary causes exist, especially when the patient has a history of migraine without aura. MS should be one of the differential diagnoses in young women showing a change in headache pattern or poor clinical drug response to migraine treatment accompanied by episodes of focal neurological deficit. Failure to recognize MS may lead to inappropriate treatment and worse prognosis; early diagnosis in patients with MS is essential to improve their clinical outcomes and quality of life.
J Headache Pain 2013 Aug 09
PMID:Multiple sclerosis presenting initially with a worsening of migraine symptoms. 2393 96


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