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 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stress of some kind is encountered everyday and release of stress hormones is essential for adaptation to change. Stress can be physical (pain, noise exposure, etc.), psychological (apprehension to impending events, acoustic conditioning, etc.) or due to homeostatic disturbance (hunger, blood pressure, inner ear pressure, etc.). Persistent elevated levels of stress hormones can lead to disease states. The aim of the present review is to bring together data describing morphological or functional evidence for hormones of stress within the inner ear. The present review describes possible multiple interactions between the sympathetic and the complex feed-back neuroendocrine systems which interact with the immune system and so could contribute to various inner ear dysfunctions such as tinnitus, vertigo, hearing losses. Since there is a rapidly expanding list of genes specifically expressed within the inner ear this clearly allows for possible genomic and non-genomic local action of steroid hormones. Since stress can be encountered at any time throughout the life-time, the effects might be manifested starting from in-utero. These are avenues of research which remain relatively unexplored which merit further consideration. Progress in this domain could lead towards integration of stress concept into the overall clinical management of various inner ear pathologies.
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PMID:The emotional ear in stress. 1450 85

This study has the aim to analyze the acoustic characteristic features of cries and babbling in the course of the ontogenetical development of babies from the 3rd to 5th day on up to the age of 1 year and to compare the results to the acoustic characteristics of the adult language. The mean fundamental frequency of crying increased considerably from 441.8 to 502.9 Hz and the mean fundamental frequency of babbling decreased remarkably from 389.3 to 336.9 Hz. These types of melodies represent individual differences in the course of crying. The first intonations were similar to the hunger cry and later they were on par with the pain cry. The melodies of babbling remained unchanged in the first year of age. Scientific examinations proved that crying and babbling are different. The development of the mean fundamental frequency for both, crying and babbling, showed a contrary tendency within the first year of age. The melody of babbling indicated similarities to the language within the first year of age. At the age of 9 months, the fundamental frequency and the melody contained features of the language of females in labour. Crying of a newborn and infant can be regarded in direct connection with the cries of a grown-up person, particularly in situations of emotional agitation or cultic rituals. Babbling, in contrast, shows structural similarities to the language. This justifies the assumption that the human being possesses two separate communication systems that share the same acoustic channel.
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PMID:Analysis of the sounds of the child in the first year of age and a comparison to the language. 1465 59

Much has been learnt during the last 50 years about the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity and about practical means for minimising them in newborn lambs, kids, bovine calves, deer calves, foals and piglets. The major causes of problems in these newborns are outlined briefly and include hypothermia due to excessive heat loss or to hypoxia-induced, starvation-induced or other forms of inhibited heat production. They also include maternal undernutrition, mismothering, infection and injury. The published literature reveals that the scientific investigations which clarified these causes and led to practical means for minimising the problems, involved iterative successions of self-reinforcing laboratory and field or clinical investigations conducted over many years. These studies focused largely on solutions to the problems, not on the suffering that the newborn might experience, so that an analysis of the associated welfare insults had not apparently been conducted until now. The present assessment focuses on potentially noxious subjective experiences the newborn may have. The account of the causes of neonatal mortality and morbidity outlined early in this review indicates that the key subjective experiences which require analysis in animal welfare terms are breathlessness, hypothermia, hunger, sickness and pain. Reference to documented responses of farm animals and, where appropriate, to human experience, suggests that breathlessness and hypothermia usually represent less severe neonatal welfare insults than do hunger, sickness and pain. Major science-based improvements in the management of pregnancy and birth have markedly reduced the overall amount of welfare compromise experienced by newborn farm animals and further improvements may be expected as knowledge is refined and extended in the future.
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PMID:Animal welfare implications of neonatal mortality and morbidity in farm animals. 1530 60

Homeostasis, an organisms' tendency to maintain a healthy balance of the physiological state of the body, is necessary for survival. Hunger induces a motivational state to consume food. Recently, pain has been referred to as a homeostatic emotion similar to hunger or thirst in that animals are motivated to respond in a certain way that may increase their chance of survival. Therefore, the purpose of the present experiment was to examine behavior in rodents during two competing homeostatic/motivational drives (i.e., hunger and formalin pain). During the first phase of the formalin test, animals displayed typical responsiveness to the inflammatory condition and completed fewer chains for food reinforcement as compared to the baseline session. However, during the second phase of the formalin test, animals showed decreased nociceptive behavior compared to formalin-injected animals that were not trained in the operant conditioning paradigm. During this phase, the trained animals exhibited maximal responsiveness for food reinforcement. These results demonstrate that the engagement of behaviors reflecting motivational drives to restore homeostasis depends on the intensity or degree of imbalance of the competing drives. More specifically, animals are motivated to attend to one state of imbalance at a time.
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PMID:Behavioral evidence for competing motivational drives of nociception and hunger. 1553 Oct 83

Manual harvesting has many advantages compared with the mechanical harvesting of most fruit crops. The most important advantage is visual image processing ability which enables workers rapidly to detect fruit suitable for harvest and direct their hand to the fruit selected for detachment. Lacking the necessary computer based image processing equipment, designers of mechanical harvesters have settled for mass removal approaches that typically results in more damage than normal when fruit is harvested individually. Although manual harvesting has the disadvantage of low capacity, it is expected that much of the world's fruit will continue to be harvested by hand for the foreseeable future. Several ergonomics principles that relate to manual harvesting are discussed. Methods for improving worker conditions and productivity are presented. Worker positioners increase productivity by 20 to 40% and enable use of sun shades, fans, conveyors and other devices that increase comfort and reduce fatigue. Testing and training can yield substantial benefits from small inputs. Tests for visual acuity, colour sensitivity, strength, etc, can help managers assign tasks to the most suitable workers. Training programmes help workers to have a clear mental picture of acceptable fruit and encourage compliance with handling, safety and other procedures. Satisfaction of human drives such as thirst, hunger, thermal comfort and avoidance of pain results in long-range benefits.
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PMID:Ergonomics of manual harvesting. 1567 54

Little is known about the symptoms of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU). This pilot study prospectively evaluated the perceptions on nine symptoms (pain, dyspnea, thirst, nausea, hunger, tiredness, anxiety, generalized discomfort, and depressed feelings) of ICU patients receiving ventilation and examined their relationships. Patients' symptoms were assessed by a numeric rating scale. The study found that many symptoms existed at substantial levels and that there was evidence of association among symptoms. It suggests that attention to the multiple symptoms that ICU patients experience is needed to improve their overall comfort. Further research is needed to evaluate and validate the relationships among these symptoms and their impact on the health outcomes of ICU patients.
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PMID:A pilot study on coexisting symptoms in intensive care patients. 1709 60

Opioids acting at the mu opioid (MOP) receptor produce powerful analgesia. They also produce an intensely rewarding effect that can lead to addiction. The analgesic effect of MOP receptor agonists derives from a direct inhibitory effect on pain transmission at the spinal-cord level and through activation of a descending pain-modulatory pathway. The rewarding effect of MOP agonists is the result of their actions in the mesostriatal dopamine pathway classically associated with both natural and drug rewards. Both the analgesic and rewarding effect of MOP agonists are best understood in the context of decision making under conditions of conflict. Pain is one of many competing motivational states, and endogenous opioids suppress responses to noxious stimuli in the presence of conflicting motivations, such as hunger or a threatening predator. When a food reward is available, MOP agonists microinjected into the mesostriatal circuit promote its consumption, while concomitantly suppressing responses to noxious stimulation. The mesostriatal "reward" circuit, thus, appears to perform a function critical to decision making and can either amplify or suppress responses to noxious stimuli.
Reg Anesth Pain Med
PMID:Understanding how opioids contribute to reward and analgesia. 1754 20

There is now compelling evidence that teleost fish possess similar nociceptive processing systems to those found in terrestrial vertebrates. Noxious stimulation of these nociceptors--specialised pain receptors -in the skin around the snout of fish generates neural activity that can be electrophysiologically recorded, and induces a number of behavioural and physiological changes. To determine whether changes in behaviour are more than simple responses to the noxious stimulation it is necessary to demonstrate that higher order cognitive processes such as mental state or 'affective state' are involved. However, quantifying the 'motivational affected state' of an animal--a concept encompassing not just pain but also fear, hunger, thirst and pleasure - is difficult owing to its subjectivity. Recent empirical work is beginning to test these concepts in fish, and we review a number of these studies and suggest how these general methodologies could be used to further our understanding of fish cognition and the capacity for fish to experience mental states such as fear or suffering.
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PMID:Pain perception, aversion and fear in fish. 1757 52

The history of pain treatment likely started in the cradle of mankind, as the experience of pain from many causes presumably had an aversive dimension comparable in its ranking to elementary sensations and motivations such as hunger, thirst, maintenance of body temperature, and sexuality-all vital for individual and genetic survival. Thus, pain certainly was among the drives to create social behavior and medicine-these functions still are inherent in pain. The period of history from 1500, as considered here, is dominated by the emergence of science. The exploration of the inside of the human body found the brain to be the seat of sensations, emotions, and behavior, and this progress included pain as well, slowly disabusing it from the magic elements and demons still inherent from early times. The rational phase of medicine began and also included new concepts of pain as first conceived by Descartes. The treatment and prevention of pain became a strong motive of medicine, with new approaches in drug treatment, physical applications such as electricity, and discoveries of psychosocial implementations. During the nineteenth century the most important breakthroughs in pain treatment included general and local anesthesia as well as analgesic drugs from morphine to anti-inflammatory agents. They succeeded in taking the terror out of the agonizing pain of surgery and dramatic courses of diseases. Today's natural extension of the medical success in controlling acute pain may be seen in the period of pain medicine aimed at understanding and preventing chronic pain.
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PMID:[History of pain treatment from 1500 to 1900]. 1765 13

Recent neuroscientific evidence brings into question the conclusion that all aspects of consciousness are gone in patients who have descended into a persistent vegetative state (PVS). Here we summarize the evidence from human brain imaging as well as neurological damage in animals and humans suggesting that some form of consciousness can survive brain damage that commonly causes PVS. We also raise the issue that neuroscientific evidence indicates that raw emotional feelings (primary-process affects) can exist without any cognitive awareness of those feelings. Likewise, the basic brain mechanisms for thirst and hunger exist in brain regions typically not damaged by PVS. If affective feelings can exist without cognitive awareness of those feelings, then it is possible that the instinctual emotional actions and pain "reflexes" often exhibited by PVS patients may indicate some level of mentality remaining in PVS patients. Indeed, it is possible such raw affective feelings are intensified when PVS patients are removed from life-supports. They may still experience a variety of primary-process affective states that could constitute forms of suffering. If so, withdrawal of life-support may violate the principle of nonmaleficence and be tantamount to inflicting inadvertent "cruel and unusual punishment" on patients whose potential distress, during the process of dying, needs to be considered in ethical decision-making about how such individuals should be treated, especially when their lives are ended by termination of life-supports. Medical wisdom may dictate the use of more rapid pharmacological forms of euthanasia that minimize distress than the de facto euthanasia of life-support termination that may lead to excruciating feelings of pure thirst and other negative affective feelings in the absence of any reflective awareness.
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PMID:Does any aspect of mind survive brain damage that typically leads to a persistent vegetative state? Ethical considerations. 1808 16


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