Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Weight reduction is considered a therapeutic success if weight loss is maintained with no expense to overall health. The California Dietetic Association, a professional organization including 5,000 registered dietitians, proposes, on the basis of a review of the current scientific literature, the following criteria for health-safety evaluation of dietary approaches. A weight-reduction diet should (a) satisfy all nutrient needs except energy, (b) meet individual tastes and habits, (c) minimize hunger and fatigue, (d) be readily obtainable and socially acceptable, (e) favor the establishment of a changed eating pattern, and (f) be conducive to improvement of overall health. Characteristics of diet approaches associated with poor outcome include (a) very-low-calorie diets, which promote rapid weight loss, (b) extremes of macronutrient restriction, and (c) reliance on formula diets or special products. The use of diets, surgery, drugs, exercise, and behavior modification is discussed.
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PMID:Weight-control approaches: a review by the California Dietetic Association. 333 16

Rates of eating by immature female fowls declined in a curvilinear way in the 30 min after return of food after 0-4 h deprivation. Amounts eaten in the first 5-10 min were related positively to the length of deprivation and were greater with pelleted food than with mash. Times taken by birds to reach a presumed equilibrium between probabilities of feeding starting and stopping, at two consecutive minutes with less than 0.2 g eaten, were related positively to the deprivation period and were greater with mash than with pellets. At these times, however, more had been eaten with pellets than with mash, and none of the deprived birds had eliminated their estimated food deficits. Furthermore, in only one out of ten treatments did birds compensate imbalances completely by the end of the 90 min test. It is proposed that the observed changes in eating rate may reflect interactions between pecking success, increasing fatigue and decreasing hunger. It is also concluded that, while short-term adjustments in feeding may be limited by preabsorptive factors, eventual compensation of imbalances depends on postabsorptive control.
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PMID:Rates of eating by domestic fowls in relation to changing food deficits. 335 27

Information concerning 520 bicycle accidents and their victims was obtained from medical records and the victims' replies to questionnaires. The analyzed aspects included risk of injury, completeness of accident registrations by police and in hospitals, types of injuries and influence of the cyclists' age and sex, alcohol, fatigue, hunger, haste, physical disability, purpose of cycling, wearing of protective helmet and other clothing, type and quality of road surface, site of accident (road junctions, separate cycle paths, etc.) and turning manoeuvres.
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PMID:Bicycle accidents. 346 42

This study compared reports of appetite and symptoms in 28 obese subjects randomly assigned to either a 500 calorie protein-sparing modified fast (PSMF) or a 1200-kcal balanced diet. During the first comparison month, subjects consuming the PSMF lost significantly more weight and reported significantly less hunger than did subjects consuming the 1200 kcal diet. Similar results were obtained for the second month, but differences in hunger were not statistically significant. There were no significant differences between conditions in subjects' ratings of their preoccupation with eating or in their ratings of the acceptability or disruptiveness of their diets. PSMF subjects reported significantly greater problems with cold intolerance, constipation, dizziness, dry skin, and fatigue. These symptoms remitted completely, however, when PSMF subjects consumed a 1200-kcal balanced diet. There were no significant differences between conditions in subjects' reports of psychological functioning. Results are discussed in terms of the need for further research to identify the characteristics of PSMF which confer anorexia.
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PMID:Less food, less hunger: reports of appetite and symptoms in a controlled study of a protein-sparing modified fast. 366 60

Hungry leeches, Hirudo medicinalis, ingest blood meals averaging 890% of their mass in 29 min. Ingestion is terminated as a result of distension of the body: experimentally distending leeches as they feed causes an immediate cessation of ingestion and inhibits any subsequent biting behaviour; if distension is circumvented by various experimental procedures, leech ingestive periods are prolonged significantly. Ingestion is not terminated as a result of fatigue, chemical cues or mass change. Distension also underlies satiation, for removing blood from the crops of recently fed leeches qualitatively alters their satiated behaviour to biting. Biting is not a defensive reaction to injury. In rostral ganglia, impulses of the serotonergic Retzius (RZ) and LL neurones evoke the physiological components of ingestion. Localized warming of the prostomial lip induces impulses in these large effector neurones. Distending the body wall tonically hyperpolarizes the RZ and LL cells. This inhibitory response to distension is conducted from the mid-body to the anterior neurones via the ventral nerve cord. Distensive inhibition antagonizes the synaptic excitation evoked in RZ and LL neurones by thermal stimulation. Thus, a stimulus which evokes feeding synaptically excites 5-HT neurones and a stimulus which terminates ingestion inhibits them. The integration of these inputs controls the expression of leech feeding behaviour and these connections match precisely a model proposed to regulate the ingestive behaviour of blowflies.
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PMID:On the termination of ingestive behaviour by the medicinal leech. 369 11

In a summer camp for 47 diabetic children in Kinki district, Japan, in 1984, the relationship between hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose levels by self-monitoring was analyzed. During the 7-day camp, self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) was carried out 599 times in total, 12.7 times per camper. SMBG due to hypoglycemic complaints amounted to 371. 154 measurements out of 371 indicated blood glucose levels under 80 mg/dl, but 78 monitorings were found to be over 200 mg/dl. Fatigue or weakness were the most frequent hypoglycemic symptoms, as was hunger sensation, each reaching approximately 40% in frequency. In most complaints of tremor, the blood glucose level was critically low. Prompt measurement of blood glucose is indeed necessary to properly treat diabetic children with 'hypoglycemic' symptoms.
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PMID:Relationship between hypoglycemic symptoms and blood glucose levels due to self-monitoring in summer camp for diabetic children in Japan. 383 7

We compared the patient acceptance and efficacy of 60 mg extended-release fenfluramine and placebo before the evening meal in a 10-week, double-blind trial. All 51 participants were 130% to 180% of ideal body weight. They received instruction in diet and behavior modification for 2 wk before the beginning of and during the medication period. Mean weight loss was 5.9 kg (8.0 +/- 4.6% of initial weight) in the fenfluramine group and 3.3 kg (5.5 +/- 3.5%) in the placebo group. Fenfluramine-treated participants reported lower hunger ratings and greater fullness in the target supper-to-bedtime period than participants receiving placebo. Both groups reported dry mouth, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, and diarrhea. Although the fenfluramine group reported more complaints, these diminished to less than half after 2 wk of treatment. Four of the fenfluramine and three of the placebo group dropped out for drug-related reasons. In all, 10 fenfluramine and 8 placebo participants dropped out. Fenfluramine participants had a higher benefit score with no difference in risk scores. The fenfluramine group's global evaluation was better than that of the placebo group. Participants viewed the study and the dosing regimen positively but had negative ideas about anorexiants in general. Extended-release fenfluramine taken in the evening was well tolerated and maintained its efficacy as measured by standard and novel techniques.
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PMID:Extended-release fenfluramine: patient acceptance and efficacy of evening dosing. 634 Sep 9

Increasing numbers of individuals with a diagnosis of cocaine abuse (DSM-III, 305.6) are seeking medical and psychiatric care. The majority of users inhale the drug in powdered form, as cocaine is rapidly absorbed by mucous membranes. The patterns of use resemble those for the use of alcohol and marijuana: recreational, intensified, circumstantial, and compulsive. When cocaine is taken intravenously or by freebasing, individuals are much more vulnerable to developing a compulsive pattern of use that could lead to an organic delusional syndrome. Cocaine causes systemic effects that are similar to those of amphetamine, but they have a much shorter duration of action. Blood pressure, heart rate, feelings of "pleasantness" and "stimulation" are increased, and hunger is decreased. Acute tolerance may develop over hours of continuous use, but it disappears after a short period of abstinence (overnight). In psychomotor testing, performance that is impaired by fatigue is restored to baseline levels. Users like cocaine because they feel more alert, energetic, sociable, and sensual. However, these positive feelings are commonly followed by anxiety, depression, irritability, fatigue, and craving more cocaine. Chronic intoxication is always associated with adverse psychosocial sequelae. Treatment initially must be directed toward the patient's stopping all use of cocaine, employing strategies such as contingency contracts, urinalysis, family intervention, the assignment of financial control to others, or hospitalization. Several psychopharmacologic agents are helpful as an adjunct to a comprehensive treatment plan. Overdoses of cocaine are treated by diazepam and propranolol. Antidepressant medications, both TCAs and MAOIs, often help relieve the symptoms of depression that emerge when chronic use of cocaine is discontinued. Classical and operant conditioning contribute to craving for the drug and opportunities to extinguish these factors are valuable in preventing relapse. Compulsive users often have an Axis II diagnosis of borderline or narcissistic personality disorder, which require long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy.
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PMID:Cocaine abuse and its treatment. 652 10

Suspected postprandial (reactive or idiopathic) hypoglycemia is characterized by predominantly adrenergic symptoms appearing after meals rich in carbohydrates and by their rare association with low blood glucose level (< 2.77 mmol/L). We studied heart rate, blood pressure, plasma insulin, C-peptide, and catecholamine responses during a 5-h oral glucose tolerance test in eight patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia and eight age-, sex-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. We also evaluated beta-adrenergic sensitivity by using the isoproterenol sensitivity test. Psychological profile was assessed by the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90R) self-report symptom inventory. Patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia had higher beta-adrenergic sensitivity (defined as the dose of isoproterenol required to increase the resting heart rate by 25 beats/min) than controls (mean +/- SEM, 0.8 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.86 +/- 0.25 microgram isoproterenol; P = 0.002). After administration of glucose (75 g) blood glucose, plasma C-peptide, plasma epinephrine, and plasma norepinephrine responses were identical in the two groups, but plasma insulin was higher in the patients (group effect, P = 0.02; group by time interaction, P = 0.0001). Both heart rate and systolic blood pressure were significantly higher (but remained in the normal range) after glucose administration in patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia than in controls (group by time interactions, P = 0.004 and 0.0007, respectively). After glucose intake, seven patients had symptoms (palpitations, headache, tremor, generalized sweating, hunger, dizziness, sweating of the palms, flush, nausea, and fatigue), whereas in the control group, one subject reported flush and another palpitations, tremor, and hunger. Analysis of the SCL-90R questionnaire revealed that patients had emotional distress and significantly higher anxiety, somatization, depression, and obsessive-compulsive scores than controls. We may conclude that patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia have normal glucose tolerance, increased beta-adrenergic sensitivity, and emotional distress.
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PMID:Suspected postprandial hypoglycemia is associated with beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity and emotional distress. 796 39

Because binge eating in obese individuals has been postulated to be a reaction to dietary restriction, we examined the recorded food intake of 17 obese women with and 16 obese women without binge eating disorder (BED) during 1-week periods before and 3 months after a very low calorie diet program in order to determine the effects of dietary restriction on binge eating frequency and severity. Before weight loss, rather than reporting severe caloric restriction, women with BED reported greater average energy intake than nonbinge eaters on both a total (2707 vs. 1869 k cal/day, p < .01) and weight-adjusted (25.1 vs. 18.1 kcal/kg, p < .01) basis, with both higher intake on nonbinge days and an increased frequency of binge days. After weight loss, there was no significant difference in energy intake, on either a total or weight-adjusted basis, between subjects with and without BED. Although average daily energy intake fell for both groups after weight loss, only subjects with BED reported significantly decreased energy intake when adjusted for change in body weight. This resulted from decreased intake on nonbinge days and a decreased frequency of binge days. Before weight loss, subjects with BED reported an average energy intake equivalent to 94% of their predicted energy expenditure. Whereas subjects without BED reported intake only 64% of predicted (p = .002). After weight loss, there was no significant difference between subjects with and without BED in the percentage of predicted energy expenditure reported as intake (64% vs. 58%). Restraint was similar in both groups before weight loss, but those with BED reported greater hunger and disinhibition. After weight loss treatment, restraint increased significantly, whereas disinhibition and hunger remained elevated in subjects with BED. Disinhibition, rather than restraint, appears to be a major contributor to the disordered eating of these individuals. Unlike normal-weight women with bulimia nervosa, dietary restriction does not appear to worsen symptoms of binge eating in obese women with BED. Over the short term, subjects with BED may respond to a standard weight loss treatment program with improvements in binge eating behaviors.
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PMID:Recorded food intake of obese women with binge eating disorder before and after weight loss. 817 59


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