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Very fat people die earlier than people of normal weight because hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease are more frequent among the markedly obese. Most obese subjects, however, are only slightly overweight and their mortality is not elevated. Reasons for dieting are more often psychological than somatic. 2. Reducing diets are ineffective because the obese rarely follow them. Total fasting and intestinal bypass may provide better results, but are more dangerous. 3. Atkins' diet eliminates carbohydrates from food without restricting protein and fat intake. Deprived of carbohydrates, the body uses fat for fuel. A small part of metabolized fat is eliminated in the urine as ketone bodies, and this is why such diets are called "ketogenic". They have been known at least since 1863. 4. Caloric loss due to ketonuria does not exceed 100 Cal/day in the non-diabetic. It is maximal during total fasting and cannot be increased by a ketogenic diet. 5. In the short run, such diets produce rapid weight loss due to polyuria. On the other hand, refeeding carbohydrates causes water retention and weight gain. 6. The diet decreases appetite: patients eat less without feeling severe hunger and without measuring their food intake. 7. Orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and nausea are frequent, despite what Dr. ATKINS claims. 8. The diet increases plasma cholesterol and uric acid. It may be dangerous in diabetes (anorexia, acidosis) and in heart or kidney failure (hypokalemia). 9. The diet, though far from good, is better than the book. ATKINS' theories are at best half-truths, and the results he claims lack credibility. The obese subject's disappointment with traditional reducing diets and the book's hard-sell style account for ATKINS' success.
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PMID:[Dr. Atkins' dietetic revolution: a critique]. 89 45

The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, "taking care of self and others", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, "taking care of self and others" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.
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PMID:Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community. 101 85

In a group of nine healthy but obese women a set of tests were used to estimate several physiological and psycho-physiological variables: self-rating of hunger, mood and physical vigor, self-recording of grip-strength, muscular fatigue test, eye-hand skill, tempo, etc. Measurements were performed every 6-hours, at fixed times, during 24-hours, once a week, before (non-restricted spontaneous food intake) and for three weeks on a 220 cal. special protein diet (calcium caseinate: 55g, associated with potassium salts, water and vitamins). Findings relating to the metabolic and hormonal variables while on this diet have already been reported: (a) The diet does not alter the circadian acrophase (peak) of the variables and (b) two distinct metabolic steps occur: first a peak of gluconeogenesis and second, a phase when ketone bodies and fatty acids are used almost exclusively as source of fuel. The present findings show that so long as nitrogen remains in balance this restricted diet (a) does not change the grip strength and the muscular fatigue test; (b) does not alter the mood, the physical vigor etc. and (c) induces a statistically significant fall in "hunger" (self-rating method). We conclude that this low protein diet is compatible with non-strenuous work.
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PMID:A chronobiological investigation of fitness for work in women on a 220 cal 24 h protein diet. 102 34

Yawning in reptiles was investigated in field observations of various lizard and tortoise species and in laboratory experiments with the tortoises Testudo h. hermanni and Emys orbicularis. In the experiments the animals' reactions to various conditions of temperature, air O2 and CO2 content, fatigue and hunger, were tested. Yawning and related or similar motor patterns are described and discussed.
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PMID:[The problem of yawning in reptiles]. 114 23

The effects of 3 days of restricted feeding (800 kcal/day) on cigarette consumption, smoke exposure, and mood were studied in five male research volunteers. A within-subjects design was used in which subjects were exposed in an inpatient research unit to either a nutritionally-balanced diet containing 800 kcal (RESTRICTED DIET) or 3,000 kcal (NORMAL DIET) per day for 3 consecutive days. At least 2 weeks separated diet conditions. Dependent measures included number of cigarettes smoked per day in each diet condition, biological exposure levels (carbon monoxide and plasma cotinine levels), and mood. Number of cigarettes smoked per day did not differ significantly across diet conditions. Biological exposure to carbon monoxide and to cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine indicative of chronic nicotine exposure, also did not differ significantly between conditions. Fatigue scores from the Profile of Mood States were significantly elevated in the RESTRICTED DIET condition. Not surprisingly, subjects in this condition also reported feeling more hungry throughout the day than in the NORMAL DIET condition. From our study results, we conclude that a short period of "dieting," and the resulting hunger elicited from such a diet, do not increase cigarette consumption or smoke exposure in humans.
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PMID:The effects of a restricted feeding regimen on cigarette smoking in humans. 158 42

Temper tantrums are a normal response to anger and occur commonly in the child between one and four years of age. They arise from the child's thwarted efforts to exercise mastery and autonomy. Tantrums occur more frequently in the active, determined child who has abundant energy. Parenting practices that may encourage tantrums include inconsistency, unreasonable expectations, excessive strictness, overprotectiveness and overindulgence. Boredom, fatigue, hunger or illness may reduce the child's tolerance for frustration. Management consists of teaching the parents to understand the underlying meaning of tantrums and to modify parental behaviors that may perpetuate or accentuate the problem. Temper tantrums are best handled by ignoring the outburst, offering nurturance to the child after the tantrum has subsided and helping the child learn to express negative feelings in more acceptable ways.
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PMID:Temper tantrums. 185 12

Almost all physiological and psychological functions of human beings reveal circadian variations. The parameters of those rhythms differ in various subjects dependently on their individual diurnal characteristics, named here chrono-type. The difference in phase of maximal arousal is particularly apparent so that it implies the distinction between the morning and the evening types. The comparative study of both chrono-types was done with regard to the subjective health, sleep disorders and disturbances, attitudes towards shiftwork and physical fitness as measured by indirect prediction of the maximal oxygen uptake. In spite of differences in the bedtime and awaking time, representatives of morning and evening type did not differ when considering the amount of sleep. Both groups slept about one hour less than subjectively required. The analysis of sleep disorders (during days with various shifts and days off) showed that their configuration was different in compared groups. Morning types more often woke before proper time and suffered from frequent mid-sleep awakenings. They had also more difficulties in falling asleep and felt tired after awakening when working night shift. Evening types reported more often difficulties in awakening (independently on work shift) and complained low well-being or tiredness after awakening when working morning or afternoon shift and during days off. The percentage of morning types reporting various sleep disturbances of external (noise, daylight) or internal (hunger, nervousness) origin was 13 to 74. The corresponding figures for evening types were 4 to 52%. Subjective health was assessed with use of a list of 74 symptoms. It was found that morning individuals significantly more frequently reported fevers and sub-febrile states, itching in heart region, pains or tightness in heart region when nervous and musculoskeletal pains. No significant differences in gastrointestinal complaints were found. Analysis of typical circulatory, respiratory and musculoskeletal syndromes revealed the lower frequency of circulatory and musculoskeletal complaints and more respiratory symptoms in evening types. This latter could be considered as the result of prevalence of smokers in this group. The prediction of maximal oxygen uptake with use of indirect Astrand-Rhythm method showed significantly higher values in evening types. Taking into account that the result of this method is based on the heart rate response to submaximal load--it is highly probable that the difference observed is due to chrono-type related difference in phase of circadian rhythm of heart rate reaction to the load applied on the same time of the day. Both studied groups differed significantly as to the percentage of persons approving the work in shifts.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Chrono-type as a factor of shiftwork tolerance in women]. 213 92

Effects of nalmefene on eating were investigated in two groups of ten male volunteers, in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. The nalmefene treated group ate 22% less, both in terms of absolute weight and caloric intake, of a standardised buffet-meal than did the placebo group. No differences in subjective ratings of hunger or satiety were found between the groups, suggesting that the reduced feeding was not a consequence of any change in motivation to eat. When analysed by nutrient content, nalmefene was found to reduce fat and protein, but not carbohydrate, intakes. Analyses of intakes of individual foods showed a differential effect of nalmefene on foods rated as highly palatable. Thus the apparent nutrient specificity of nalmefene appeared to be an indirect consequence of its effect on palatability. Nalmefene also caused slight increases in self-rated alertness, and decreases in ratings of tiredness and elation, although it was thought unlikely that these accounted for observed changes in eating behaviour. No other side-effects were detected, and performance on a choice reaction time task was unaffected. These results add weight to suggestions that endogenous opioids are involved in reward-related aspects of feeding associated with food palatability.
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PMID:Effects of nalmefene on feeding in humans. Dissociation of hunger and palatability. 231 39

De Motu Animalium seemingly constitutes the very first treatise on biomechanics. The author, Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608-1679), was professor of mathematics in Pisa, where he worked with Malighi who was professor of theoretical medicine and focused Borelli's interest on the movements of living creatures. The work consists of two parts. In the first part Borelli analyses the action of the muscles, the movements of the limbs, and the activities of man and animals, including skating, running, jumping, swimming and flying. The second part deals with what is now called physiology, considered from the point of view of a mechanist: heart, blood circulation, breathing, separation of urine from blood in the kidneys, liver function, reproduction, fatigue, thirst, hunger, fever, and so on. The book shows Borelli to be a genial precursor. He expresses his opinion as a mathematician on problems which afterwards further stimulated the curiosity and endeavors of many generations of researchers.
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PMID:[Borelli: De Motu Animalium. A first treatise on biomechanics]. 269 92

The hypotheses that defective platelet structure and function is the basis for migraines is presented, with evidence explaining the biochemical, clinical, pathological, and pharmacological aspects of migraine. Platelets undergo 2 types of reaction, a shape change and a granule release reaction, releasing adenosine diphosphate (ADP) serotonin 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT), and thromboglobulin in response to collagen and thrombin. Platelets from migraine suffers contain more ADP, have more dense granules, and show some qualitative differences in their release reaction. Their platelets aggregate more readily when exposed to 5-HT, their platelet fibrinogen receptors have greater affinity, and their platelet membranes show altered viscosity. Some drugs that inhibit platelet aggregation, such as methysergide, aspirin, and amitryptylline, are beneficial in cases of migraine. Some migraine triggers, such as tyramine and catecholamines, are known to be vasoactive. The release by platelets of 5-HT may account for the visual aura or prodrome that migraine patients experience. Some migraine precipitating factors, such as stress, fatigue, hunger, certain foods, and hormones, may stimulate 5-HT release by platelets. Alterations in hormones, notably puberty, menstruation, oral contraceptive use, and menopause, are characterized by altered platelet aggregation and by onset of migraine in previously healthy people. Other arguments in favor of the platelet hypothesis involve prostacyclin deficit during menstruation and migraine associated with sudden decline in platelet numbers in cases of thrombocytopenic purpura and essential thrombocythemia.
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PMID:Migraine: the platelet hypothesis after 10 years. 270 Dec 86


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