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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study of the trends and distributions of mortality in parish records of Armenian churches from 11 countries spanning over 242 years is the basis of this report. In all parishes, the relative proportion of deaths in the older age groups gradually increased over the study period. Following a review of the most important causes of death, an effort was made to identify clusters and outbreaks of specific causes of death. Thus, in the 19th century, five epidemics of cholera were identified in one parish in Kutahya, Turkey (1831, 1848, 1865, 1871, and 1893). A review of the deaths due to the 1918 influenza pandemic revealed a major peak in October-December 1918 in Cairo, and deaths due to the same cause recorded in November-December 1918 in Rangoon, Dacca, and Calcutta. As observed elsewhere in the classic pattern of this pandemic, the largest number of these deaths were in persons who were in their twenties. In September-December 1942, in Thessaloniki, Greece, 31 deaths of all age groups were ascribed to a fever that was described as "toxic." The nature of this epidemic could not be explained. The observation that large numbers of recorded deaths occurred through violence and hunger during the First and Second World Wars as a result of the atrocities to which these communities were exposed sheds further light on historical events in those years.
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PMID:Patterns of mortality in Armenian parish records from eleven countries. 253 44

During the last two decades, Americans initially discovered that millions of fellow-citizens were going hungry, then acted to virtually eliminate the problem, and, in the 1980s, learned that hunger has reappeared in epidemic proportions. Hunger, particularly in a wealthy democracy, is most appropriately seen as a form of institutionalized violence, the product of ideologies that fail to distribute national abundance in a manner that achieves the possible goal of preventing hunger. The return of hunger to the United States is associated with economic and tax policies that have reallocated income distribution from poor and middle-income groups to the wealthy, and with a concomitant reluctance to utilize the federal government to protect needy citizens from undernutrition associated with growing economic deprivation.
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PMID:When violence has a benevolent face: the paradox of hunger in the world's wealthiest democracy. 271 23

Aggression in the sense of a grasping interest belongs to man so intimately that he wouldn't have reached these performances, these accomplishments and this power he has reached today on the vivid and unvivid nature. If the individual would not interest himself "aggressively" for the human beings surrounding himself, if he would not be "hungry" for human contact he would not associate himself for pairing and groups. He would not look for individuals who are of the same mind. This existential hunger, which is laid down in his nervous system seeking for stimuli, contains always an "aggressive" interest and leads man also towards searching scientifically his own psychosomatic conditions and the whole world. But this hunger can lead in certain men and under favouring conditions in whole groups and peoples to dimensions which endanger individuality and the human pride. This aggression then does not any longer serve communication but further incorporation and power. It is the beginning of the way leading to destruction of human values and human life. The responsibilities of our society should keep in mind that the human readiness for aggression does not drive further in the direction of violence and should rather be developed in the sense originally inherent to her: of an interest in the surrounding human beings and in nature.
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PMID:[Aggression in its communicative and destructive dimension (author's transl)]. 728 May 85

Although mental health problems constitute 8.1% of the global burden of disease (GBD), mental health has been largely missing from the international health agenda. The discrepancy between needs and services is likely to increase in the next millennium. Depression alone is currently the fourth leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) the world over and is projected to become the second leading cause by the year 2020. The nations of the world must make a major commitment to upgrade the quality of mental health services, including early detection and prevention of psychiatric problems in childhood and adolescence; to institute the collection of systematic data on the global burden of alcohol and drug abuse and to develop innovative treatment and preventive measures; and to provide substantial support for research on treatment effectiveness. Because hunger, deprivation, and violence affect women disproportionately, there is a pressing need for coordinated efforts to improve state gender policies (including equal educational opportunity and improved health care for women) and to interdict domestic violence. In the words of Boutros Boutros Ghali, the Secretary General of the United Nations: "Medical and social issues which are often viewed separately must be dealt with as a whole...the priority of mental health must be heightened...development policies must...protect and promote mental health."
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PMID:Psychiatry and health in low-income populations. 905 23

In the past, most refugees who permanently resettled in the traditional recipient countries of North America, Europe, and Australasia were screened prior to arrival in a host country. In the last decade, increasing numbers of unauthorized refugees or asylum seekers, those who formally lodge application for refugee status in the country in which they are residing, have applied for protection after crossing the borders of these countries. Concerns about uncontrolled migration have encouraged host countries to adopt policies of deterrence in which increasingly restrictive measures are being imposed on persons seeking asylum. These measures include, variously, confinement in detention centers, enforced dispersal within the community, the implementation of more stringent refugee determination procedures, and temporary forms of asylum. In several countries, asylum seekers living in the community face restricted access to work, education, housing, welfare, and, in some situations, to basic health care services. Allegations of abuse, untreated medical and psychiatric illnesses, suicidal behavior, hunger strikes, and outbreaks of violence among asylum seekers in detention centers have been reported. Although systematic research into the mental health of asylum seekers is in its infancy, and methods are limited by sampling difficulties, there is growing evidence that salient postmigration stress facing asylum seekers adds to the effect of previous trauma in creating risk of ongoing posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychiatric symptoms. The medical profession has a role in educating governments and the public about the potential risks of imposing excessively harsh policies of deterrence on the mental health of asylum seekers. JAMA. 2000;284:604-611
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PMID:Policies of deterrence and the mental health of asylum seekers. 1091 7

Child and juvenile prostitution in Brazil has reached such proportions that a parliamentary commission launched an inquiry. The Brazilian Center of Children and Adolescents (CBIA) estimated that there are about 500,000 such prostitutes in the country, a record in Latin America. This type of prostitution flourishes in poor urban areas and in the North and Central-East. Not only girls become prostitutes; in Rio de Janeiro, 4000 boys cater to tourists from the industrialized world. 79% of these youngsters say that they use condoms, but 42% are infected with HIV. In many cases their families tolerate their homosexual encounters because of the extra income received. In the interior of the state of Rio, girls aged 11-15 years are enticed to cities as domestics and end up in prostitution. In Niteroi there is a prostitution network specializing in 13-year-old girls. Although there are 30,000 prostitutes in the state of Rio, the distribution of condoms among them has caused negative reactions among conservatives and Catholics claiming that it would increase licentiousness. The Brazilian Center for the Defense of the Rights of Children and Adolescents countered that condoms help prevent the spread of diseases. In Para, Acre, and Rondonia, 13-, 14-, and 15-year-old girls sell their bodies in order to survive. In the maternity ward of Barbara Heliodora, Rio Branco, Acre, 31% of deliveries are to girls aged 10-16 years. In Sao Paulo and in the neighborhoods of Bras and Belem, girls as young as 10 years of age become prostitutes under the protection of corrupt police who exact sexual favors or a share of receipts. According to CBIA, 80% of sexual violence against children and adolescents occurs in the home, with fathers being the main aggressors. The prostitution of children and adolescents in Brazil is connected to the destruction of the family and is the result of misery and hunger.
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PMID:[Child prostitution: family disintegration, necessary planning, the laziness of the elite]. 1228 21

In impassioned terms, the author outlines a women's agenda for the Earth Summit, one that would drastically change the present world order. As the author points out, much is at stake in the agreements that are to be signed at Rio--especially for women. The way in which the world is currently organized perpetrates violence on all life itself. For women and children in much of the world, poverty and misery is on the rise. During the preparatory meeting for the Earth Summit, women from North and South have strenuously negotiated to make sure that women's voices are heard during the conference. Much of women's efforts have gone into drafting Agenda 21, designed to establish the resources and mechanisms necessary to make women part of the development process. But in addition to the ground gained in the negotiations preceding the Rio conference, women must continue to insist on a new world order. In this vision of the world, women (who produce 80% of the food in Africa) would not lose their children to hunger. They (who fetch water and plant trees) would not lose their children to water-born diseases or travel far distances to find firewood. And in this vision, the 18 hours a day that women spend on caring for their families would not be labeled as "unproductive" labor. This new world order would represent a dramatic shift from present reality, an abandonment of the economic and political policies that have created an imbalance between North and South, that have created a proliferation of arms, and that threaten all life on Earth.
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PMID:Women demand a new world order. 1234 9

This article provides a summary and excerpts from a speech given by Her Royal Highness Basma bint Talal, sister of His Majesty King Hussein of Jordan, before the International Institute for Labor Studies of the International Labour Organization on March 26, 1996. Princess Talal spoke about the conditions among Arab women, their contributions to work and political life, and suggestions for the increased participation of women. Reference is made to the UN Development Report for 1995 that indicates a very low (under 20%) level of participation among Arab women in the labor force and a modest literacy rate of 40%. The developing country averages are higher than the averages for Arab women. Arab family networks and practices have benefitted women. Even the poorest Arab countries have less hunger and starvation than other developing countries. Rape is almost "nonexistent" and drugs and prostitution are limited. There are few births outside of marriage and few single parent families. Community violence is generally low, except within less-advantaged groups. Labor statistics do not count women engaged in farming and other domestic production activities. Low labor force participation rates among Arab women are attributed to high illiteracy, high fertility, and social customs. Almost 50% of Arab women are under 15 years old, and there is difficulty in creating opportunities for new female labor entrants due to the high unemployment rates for men (12.6%) and women (29.4%). The future looks more hopeful as literacy rates among women rise and school enrollment rates for women rise. Arab women are legally entitled to equal opportunities for work with men of the same qualifications. Women need to be encouraged to take up productive work and income generation and to assume political leadership roles. The Jordanian National Forum for Women and the Jordanian National Committee for Women are active at the grassroots and national levels.
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PMID:Arab women and the labour market. 1234 73

Structural violence is violence that is permissible, even encouraged. It refers to the invisible social machinery of inequality that reproduces social relations of exclusion and marginalization via ideologies, stigmas, and dangerous discourses (such as "youth violence" itself) attendant to race, class, sex, and other invidious distinctions. Structural violence "naturalizes" poverty, sickness, hunger, and premature death, erasing their social and political origins so that they are taken for granted and no one is held accountable except the poor themselves. Structural violence also refers to the ease with which humans are capable of reducing the socially vulnerable (even those from their own class and community) into expendable non-persons, thus allowing the licence--even the duty--to kill them. I exemplify this through two ethnographic critical case studies: the operation of a virulent death squad in Northeast Brazil that mobilized the support of ordinary people in an almost genocidal attack against Afro-Brazilian street kids and young "marginals"; and the uneasy truce with, and incomplete integration of "dangerous and endangered" youth still living in squatter camps and shack communities of urban South Africa.
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PMID:Dangerous and endangered youth: social structures and determinants of violence. 1581 29

The HIV epidemic presents challenges including orphans and a large mass of children rendered vulnerable by the epidemic and other societal forces. Focus on orphaned and vulnerable children (OVC) is important, but needs accurate definition. Twelve focus group interviews of service providers, leaders in these communities, OVC and their caretakers were conducted at six project sites across Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe to extend this definition. The loss of a parent through death or desertion is an important aspect of vulnerability. Additional factors leading to vulnerability included severe chronic illness of a parent or caregiver, poverty, hunger, lack of access to services, inadequate clothing or shelter, overcrowding, deficient caretakers, and factors specific to the child, including disability, direct experience of physical or sexual violence, or severe chronic illness. Important questions raised in this research include the long-term implications for the child and community, and the contribution of culture systems.
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PMID:Towards a definition of orphaned and vulnerable children. 1663 43


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