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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) have been claimed to aid in weight reduction by reducing hunger, and affecting mood as well as aiding in localized (spot) reduction. We have tested these claims in a double-blind randomized trial using injections of HCG or placebo. Weight loss was identical between the two groups, and there was no evidence for differential effects on hunger, mood or localized body measurements. Placebo injections, therefore, appear to be as effective as HCG in the treatment of obesity.
West J Med 1977 Dec
PMID:Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of obesity: a critical assessment of the Simeons method. 59 85

As a cross cultural comparison with an earlier study done in West Bengal, behavioral observations were made in the Katmandu Valley of 36 well-nourished and 38 undernourished children, 7 to 18 months of age, and their mothers. Undernourished children showed lowered levels of exploratory activity and attachment behavior, especially distance interaction, and a heightened need for physical closeness to the mother. Moreover, among the undernourished children the level of intellectual performance and the overall time spent in play were decreased, while time spent sucking at the breast was increased. In contrast to the West Bengali study, maternal behavior showed no differences between the two nutritional groups, and the intercorrelations between maternal and child scores showed similar or parallel patterns of reciprocity for the well-nourished and the undernourished children. No sex or age differences were found. The findings were interpreted to support Levitsky and Barnes' hypothesis of "functional isolation" as a mechanism between undernutrition and environmental stimulation to produce long-term behavioral changes. In addition, hunger as a motivational state, expressed as increased sucking, may interfere with other motivational determinants that might lead to exploration and/or increased social contacts.
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PMID:Nutrition and infant behavior: a replication study in the Katmandu Valley, Nepal. 62 22

The paper examines the knowledge, attitude and practice of weaning in 516 mothers in Ilorin community, the capital of Kwara State of Nigeria. Women with a higher level of education and family income breastfed for a shorter period, and tended to wean earlier than the illiterate and low income group (p less than 0.05). Two hundred and twenty-eight mothers (44.2%) had commenced weaning by 3 months of age while 433 (83.9%) had done so by 6 months. Hunger, indicated by crying after a feed or demanding more frequent feeds, was the commonest reason for weaning (36.2%). Pap (maize or guineacorn gruel), an energy-sparse food remained the major weaning food irrespective of socio-economic characteristics. Fortification of pap was positively influenced by a high family income and education. Diarrhoea, associated with bottlefeeding or cow-pea diet, was the major cause of morbidity reported during weaning (55.8%). Ways of improving child health during the weaning period are suggested.
West Afr J Med
PMID:Weaning practices in Ilorin community, Nigeria. 139 Mar 80

Two native humpless types of Bos taurus cattle which are tolerant to trypanosomiasis were described in West Africa at the beginning of this century. In spite of the fact that they are small breeds, they already represent some 25% of all cattle present in the region. Their importation into the Congo basin countries has resulted in the development of a cattle industry. Some of the available data on these types are given and discussed. The possibility of satisfying the growing hunger for protein of Africa with trypanotolerant cattle is emphasized.
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PMID:Trypanotolerant cattle in West and Central Africa. 665 55

Force feeding of hunger-striking prisoners is discussed in the context of three 1982 state appellate court decisions involving the right to refuse treatment. The Supreme Court of Georgia accepted a prisoner's argument; courts in New York and West Virginia found a compelling state interest that justified force feeding, as did an earlier Massachusetts decision that rejected a prisoner's refusal of renal dialysis. The author contends that the Georgia court erred in not distinguishing the motivation of the prisoner--to manipulate the prison system--from that of patients who refuse treatment.
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PMID:Prison hunger strikes: why the motive matters. 681 54

The daily flight activity patterns of one of the main vectors of animal trypanosomiasis in West Africa, Glossina morsitans submorsitans, were assessed using four different methods. Results from all the methods showed that there was some flight activity nearly every hour in all seasons but they differed in the level of contact between grazing cattle herds and G.m.submorsitans. In the late dry season, trap data indicated that there was negligible activity from midday to late afternoon, whereas observations of tsetse contact with cattle herds or hand-net collections on herd followings showed no fall in attack rates, on the cattle by G.m.submorsitans. Differences between trap and animal-baited collection data may be attributable to the type of G.m.submorsitans sampled by each method. Male G.m.submorsitans captured by traps were more fat depleted than those caught on ox-baited flyrounds or by hand-net collections on herd followings. All methods showed that male G.m.submorsitans were most fat depleted in the late dry season and least in the early dry season. It was concluded that the traps were mainly sampling the spontaneous flights of G.m.submorsitans. Hunger and endogenous rhythms increase the likelihood of spontaneous flights towards dusk, particularly in conditions such as those at midday in the very hot, late dry season. However, the presence of cattle herds in infested habitats probably activated nearby G.m.submorsitans and the continual movement through the grazing areas ensured contact with tsetse throughout grazing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cattle-tsetse contact in relation to the daily activity patterns of Glossina morsitans submorsitans in The Gambia. 816 46

The controversial discussion about the use of methadone in the treatment of drug addicts has occupied specialists in West Germany for decades. Owing to the political pressure to find a solution to the drug problem, methadone has been an established place in the classical drug treatment system for a long time. Therefore, there has been a supplement (in 1991) to the guidelines of the N.U.B. that under special conditions, it is now possible, for a physician working in a practice or outpatient clinic to use methadone substitution as a routine procedure. The psychosocial care of the patient ist also very important in addition to the purely medical provision of a substitute drug which blocks the heroin hunger and helps prevent criminal activity. The profound dependence of a drug addict is not created primarily by the consumption of addictive substances but must be seen as the result of a severely disturbed personality development and treated accordingly. The individual context of the particular drug scene, scene behavior and jargon should also be taken into account. It is not sufficient to explain addiction and dependence by means of chemical formula or physiological processes. Thus, a substitution treatment always includes two crucial aspects: the soothing and protecting aspect of the medicine administered and the conflict and insight orientated aspect of the therapeutic commitment. The physician, the clinic employees and the social worker should be comprehensively and thoroughly qualified in order to deal with the equally wide-ranging demands of substitutions therapy.
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PMID:[Possibilities and limits of drug substitution treatment in ambulatory practice]. 892 30

Effects of extreme environments on food intake in human subjects are analysed as behavioural and physiological adaptations to annual and circadian rhythms, temperature and altitude. Effects of the environment on food intake through food availability have direct consequences on energy balance and body weight. Different geographical regions show variations in the composition of dietary foods, i.e. the relative proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat. In developing countries the annual cycle appears to affect body weight through dependence on food availability. In West-European countries this effect appears to depend on physical activity. Energy and macronutrient intakes appear to follow a circadian pattern, with breakfast being relatively high in carbohydrate and dinner being relatively high in fat. In cold conditions, maintaining an adequate food intake is important in sustaining normal physiological responses to cold. Evidence for a possible cold-induced increase in appetite is poor. A condition influencing level of intake is the palatability of the food. High altitude, i.e. hypobaric hypoxia, appears to reduce appetite, energy intake and body mass, irrespective of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Meal size is reduced and meal frequency increased. Under circumstances of AMS, dissociation between appetite and hunger occurs. Thus, spontaneous adaptation to extreme environments requiring increased energy intake occurs first by adaptation of body weight to a new energy balance. In general, prevention of a negative energy balance occurs by learning with respect to food intake. After return to normal, adjustment of energy intake to the original energy balance occurs with restoration of body weight.
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PMID:Effects of extreme environments on food intake in human subjects. 1081 45

The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals refused to stop prison officials from force feeding a prisoner on a hunger strike, on the grounds the the state's interest in preserving life, protecting the interests of innocent third parties, and maintaining medical ethical integrity was superior to the prisoner's rights of personal privacy (as modified by incarceration) and freedom of expression. Although the court acknowledged that other jurisdictions have recognized the right of persons approaching certain, painful death to refuse medical treatment, in this instance the inmate's hunger strike was viewed as an effort to gain publicity and to manipulate the system. Prison officials were authorized to preserve the inmate's life.
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PMID:State ex rel. White v. Narick. 1204 7

Tropical forests still cover almost 8 million km squared of the humid tropics but they are being destroyed at ever-more rapid rates. In 1989, the area deforested amounted to 142,200 km squared, or nearly 90% more than in 1979. Thus, whereas the 1989 amounted total to 1.8% of the remaining biome, the proportion could well continue to rise for the foreseeable future, until there is little forest in just a few decades. Deforestati on patterns are far from even throughout the biome. In much of the Southeast and Southern Asia, East and West Africa, and Central America, there is likely to be little forest left by the year 2000 or shortly thereafter. But in the Zaire basin, western Brazilian Amazonia, and the Guyana highlands, sizeable expanses of forest could persist a good while longer. The main agent of deforestation in the 'shifted cultivator' or displaced peasant, who, responding to land hunger and general lack of rural development in traditional farming areas of countries concerned, feels there is no alternative but to adopt a slash-and-burn lifestyle in forestlands. This person is now accounting for at least 60% of deforestation, a rapidly expanding proportion. However, he receives far less policy attention than the commercial logger, the cattle rancher, and other agents of deforestation.
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PMID:Tropical forests: present status and future outlook. 1231 21


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