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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rats obliged to leave a thermoneutral box to feed at air temperatures (Ta) of 25 degrees, 5 or -15 degrees C reduced the total time spent feeding and the duration of each meal as Ta fell, but increased their food intake by eating faster. Increasing the palatability of the food offered at -15 degrees C Ta did not prolong feeding but further increased food intake and the speed of eating. The estimated maximum fall in rectal temperature during feeding at -15 degree C was small (0.48 degrees +/- 0.15 degrees C, S.E.) but skin temperatures of ears and tail tip fell to near 0 degree C. These rats were able to maintain near-normal balances of food intake and body temperature by reallocating the time spent feeding and sheltering and by altering the speed of eating; they thus resolved a conflict between hunger and cold discomfort with little evidence of a strain on homeostasis.
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PMID:Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperature regulation in rats. 707 82

The impact of culture and community factors on breast feeding and weaning practices is examined by means of interviews among 35 rural women aged 16-43 years from Jalisco, Mexico, and by means of focus group discussions. Breast feeding practices are gleaned from information provided by mothers on their youngest child aged 2 weeks to 17 months for a 24 hour period prior to the interview. All study infants were given breast milk, supplements of water, and other liquids from birth. Fresh or powdered cow's milk was the usual supplement, except for 5 infants who received commercial formula. Boiled water was used in rehydrating powdered milk. Breast milk substitution was a bottle or cup given 2-4 times daily. The introduction of solid foods was made at 1 month to 8 months of age. Foods ranged from beans, tortillas, bread, pasta, fruit, chicken soup, flavored gelatin, to soft drinks. Between 9 months and 23 months, toddlers were fed the same foods in addition to vegetables, beef, fish, egg, cookies, and prepackaged cold cereal. The reasons given for not breast feeding were illness of the mother, a breast problem, insufficient milk, or an ill child. Colostrum was given for the following reasons: doctor's advice, the best interests of the baby, a woman's preference, custom, and no reason. Colostrum was not given for a variety of reasons including, for example, when the doctor advised against it or when a woman was ill or had a breast problem. In the three focus groups (27 persons), breast feeding was mentioned as preferable because of the added protection given the baby, the convenience of the mother, and the exchange between mother and infant. Other important factors were the improved health of the baby, the absence of cleanliness problems, and the milk was the right temperature. Exclusive breast feeding was recommended for a duration of 3-9 months. Breast feeding was withheld for 4-5 hours if a child had vomiting or diarrhea, or had been in the sun too long. Weaning was considered appropriate anytime between 2 months and 12 months of age. Weaning occurred when the mother was unable to continue or the child wanted to stop or had teeth. There was disagreement about how quickly to complete the process of weaning. Food was introduced at 2 to 6 months of age when milk was not enough to satisfy the child's hunger.
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PMID:Breastfeeding and weaning practices in rural Mexico. 806 64

The characteristics of hyperventilation syndrome (HVS) were studied in 508 patients who visited our hospital over 11 years. Information regarding symptoms and laboratory data was collected from the clinical records, and outcome was surveyed with a questionnaire mailed to all patients. Patients with acute HVS ranged in age from 5-85 years, and acute HVS was particularly prevalent among women in their late teens. Triggers of HVS included anxiety, nausea & vomiting, and fever due to the common cold. The primary symptoms were dyspnea and numbness, but these differed from the symptoms that appeared during a provoked attack, Half of the patients had no underlying disorder, but the others were suffering from neurosis, cardiovascular disorders, or other diseases. These characteristics of acute HVS did not differ from those seen in patients in whom the diagnosis of HVS was confirmed with arterial blood gas analysis. Half of the patients recovered without treatment, and the others underwent paper-bag rebreathing or intravenous infusion of sedatives. The prevalence of chronic HVS was 2% and almost all those patients were middle-aged women. In contrast, the questionnaire revealed that half of the patients had repeated HVS attacks. In 10% of the patients, these attacks persisted for more than 3 years. Many of these patients reported that they sighed frequently and felt air hunger while in remission. These findings were compatible with the criteria for chronic HVS. Therefore, it may be possible to diagnose HVS from symptoms alone, without hyperventilation provocation tests. In conclusion, these data underscore the importance of clinical symptoms in the diagnosis of HVS.
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PMID:[Clinical characteristics and outcome of 508 patients with hyperventilation syndrome]. 853 89

Animal studies suggest that nitric oxide (NO) may be a physiological regulator of appetite; NO synthase (NOS) inhibition suppresses food intake in rats, mice, and chickens. It is not known whether NO has any effect on appetite in humans. We have used NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA) and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), both competitive, nonselective inhibitors of NOS, in two separate studies to evaluate the role of NO in the short-term regulation of appetite in humans. In study I, 13 men (18-25 yr) underwent paired studies, in randomized, double-blind fashion, after an overnight fast. L-NMMA (4 mg. kg-1. h-1) or saline (0.9%) was infused intravenously at a rate of 40 ml/h for 1.5 h. In study II, eight men (18-26 yr) underwent three randomized, double-blind studies after an overnight fast. L-NAME (75 or 180 micrograms . kg-1. h-1) or saline (0.9%) was infused intravenously at a rate of 20 ml/h for 120 min. Hunger and fullness were measured using visual analog scales; blood pressure and heart rate were monitored, and 30 min before the end of the infusion, subjects were offered a cold buffet meal. Total caloric intake and the macronutrient composition of the meal were determined. Both L-NMMA (P = 0.052) and L-NAME (P < 0.05; both doses) decreased heart rate, L-NMMA increased diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01), and L-NAME increased systolic blood pressure (P = 0.052). Neither drug had any effect on caloric intake or sensations of hunger or fullness. Despite having significant effects on cardiovascular function in the doses used, neither L-NMMA nor L-NAME had any effect on feeding, suggesting that NO does not affect short-term appetite or food intake in humans.
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PMID:Effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors on short-term appetite and food intake in humans. 1036 32

We hypothesized that progressive loss of body mass during high-altitude sojourns is largely caused by decreased food intake, possibly due to hypobaric hypoxia. Therefore we assessed the effect of long-term hypobaric hypoxia per se on appetite in eight men who were exposed to a 31-day simulated stay at several altitudes up to the peak of Mt. Everest (8,848 m). Palatable food was provided ad libitum, and stresses such as cold exposure and exercise were avoided. At each altitude, body mass, energy, and macronutrient intake were measured; attitude toward eating and appetite profiles during and between meals were assessed by using questionnaires. Body mass reduction of an average of 5 +/- 2 kg was mainly due to a reduction in energy intake of 4.2 +/- 2 MJ/day (P < 0.01). At 5,000- and 6,000-m altitudes, subjects had hardly any acute mountain sickness symptoms and meal size reductions (P < 0.01) were related to a more rapid increase in satiety (P < 0.01). Meal frequency was increased from 4 +/- 1 to 7 +/- 1 eating occasions per day (P < 0. 01). At 7,000 m, when acute mountain sickness symptoms were present, uncoupling between hunger and desire to eat occurred and prevented a food intake necessary to meet energy balance requirements. On recovery, body mass was restored up to 63% after 4 days; this suggests physiological fluid retention with the return to sea level. We conclude that exposure to hypobaric hypoxia per se appears to be associated with a change in the attitude toward eating and with a decreased appetite and food intake.
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PMID:Appetite at "high altitude" [Operation Everest III (Comex-'97)]: a simulated ascent of Mount Everest. 1040

Pain, noise, sleep deprivation, thirst, hunger, heat, cold, fear, anxiety, isolation, physical restraint, want of information, and absence of daylight were common memories of patients surviving intensive care.
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PMID:Patients' perceptions of intensive care. 1047 Jul 11

Thomas Hodgkin's discovery of a lymph gland disorder is merely one event in a life of unusually varied public activities in the social reform and humanitarian movements of the mid-19th century. He wrote pamphlets on medical care for the working-class poor, public health, housing, sanitation, and the relief of cold, hunger, and unemployment. Hodgkin wrote about the problems arising from urban renewal and suburban development. His contributions to geographic explorations, anthropology, ethnology, and foreign affairs are virtually unknown today. Hodgkin's opposition to slavery and the slave trade involved him in the development of settlements in Africa for freed slaves and disputes with the abolitionists in America. He fought for social justice and human rights for native populations being oppressed by British foreign policy in South Africa and New Zealand. His criticism of the exploitation of Indians by the Hudson's Bay Company's fur trade contributed to a professional conflict in the highly politicized environment of Guy's Hospital and blocked advancement of his medical career. Closer to home he advocated reform of medical education and practice and sponsored adult education programs. As a member of its Senate, he helped in establishing London University, the first nonsectarian institution of higher learning in England. He lectured to working people on the means of preserving and promoting health and advocated prepaid medical care for the working poor. Concerned about unequal distribution of medical care, he opposed medical contracts to the lowest bidder and price-determined government plans for health care. He consistently maintained that the basic problems of the poor were not medical but socioeconomic. Since charity leaves nothing behind in exchange, Hodgkin was certain that greater benefits would result if charitable money was used to provide jobs. He denounced the evils of tobacco, practices of trade unions, and barbarous prize fights. On a trip to Jerusalem with Sir Moses Montefiore in 1866, Hodgkin contracted dysentery and died. He is buried in a protestant cemetery in Jaffa. His epitaph is fitting: "Nothing human was alien to him."
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PMID:Thomas Hodgkin: social activist. 1076 Mar 25

Effects of extreme environments on food intake in human subjects are analysed as behavioural and physiological adaptations to annual and circadian rhythms, temperature and altitude. Effects of the environment on food intake through food availability have direct consequences on energy balance and body weight. Different geographical regions show variations in the composition of dietary foods, i.e. the relative proportions of carbohydrate, protein and fat. In developing countries the annual cycle appears to affect body weight through dependence on food availability. In West-European countries this effect appears to depend on physical activity. Energy and macronutrient intakes appear to follow a circadian pattern, with breakfast being relatively high in carbohydrate and dinner being relatively high in fat. In cold conditions, maintaining an adequate food intake is important in sustaining normal physiological responses to cold. Evidence for a possible cold-induced increase in appetite is poor. A condition influencing level of intake is the palatability of the food. High altitude, i.e. hypobaric hypoxia, appears to reduce appetite, energy intake and body mass, irrespective of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Meal size is reduced and meal frequency increased. Under circumstances of AMS, dissociation between appetite and hunger occurs. Thus, spontaneous adaptation to extreme environments requiring increased energy intake occurs first by adaptation of body weight to a new energy balance. In general, prevention of a negative energy balance occurs by learning with respect to food intake. After return to normal, adjustment of energy intake to the original energy balance occurs with restoration of body weight.
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PMID:Effects of extreme environments on food intake in human subjects. 1081 45

Analyzed were aggregation and deformation parameters of erythrocytes and their correlation in rats stressed by immobilization, cold, hunger, and cold combined with hunger, and their controls. Under the above experimental conditions, the aggregation rate of erythrocytes grows up without any pronounced changes in the deformation characteristics. There was a direct positive correlation between the aggregation and deformation parameters of erythrocytes under stress. It is assumed that this phenomenon represents a universal mechanism of adaptation of the blood viscosity regulation in mammals.
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PMID:[The role of the rheological parameters of erythrocytes in maintenance of the blood flow structure in stressed rats]. 1198 30

The northern sierra region of Pueblo, Mexico, contains 1496 communities in 65 municipios and covers 1/4 of the area of the state of Puebla. The topography is steep and mountainous, and the area is inaccessible. The region contains the 3 principal zones of Mesoamerica, hot lands from sea level to 700 meters above sea level, temperate zones from 700-1500 meters, and cold country from 1500-2000 meters above sea level. Most of the population resides in the temperate and cold lands, but the hot zones are economically important. Little is known of the prehistory of the area. The Totonac were believed to have been the earliest settlers. In the mid-15th century numerous Nahua groups came to the area. In the late 15th century the region fell to the Aztecs, but their dominion was cut short by the arrival of the Spanish. Spanish penetration was relatively slow because of the difficult terrain and the lack of precious metals desired by the Spanish. The introduction of coffee cultivation in the late 19th century accelerated the adoption of urban-mestizo sociocultural and commercial elements by the indigenous population. The population of the northern sierra increased from 752,656 in 1980 to 965,976 in 1990. The 1980 census reported that 259,140 persons spoke indigenous languages, including 179,677 who spoke Nahuatl, 66,020 Totonaco, and 4921 Otomi. The most important cities are located on paved roads: Teziutland, Zacatlan, Hauachinango, and Zacapoaxtla. The municipios with predominantly monolingual indigenous populations are concentrated in the most difficult to reach areas of the central sierra massif. The region is characterized by temporary and permanent emigration of the indigenous population. The main reasons for emigration are lack of land and of alternative sources of employment, and desire for education. During the months August-December, known as the time of hunger, there is seasonal migration of household heads in search of work as laborers in cane cutting, tobacco, or fruit harvesting. The local economy is based on subsistence agriculture and production of coffee, fruits, and woods for export. The most isolated and inaccessible communities have preserved traditional cultural elements the most strongly.
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PMID:[The indigenous population of Sierra Norte de Puebla]. 1228 39


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