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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
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The Papago people in the Tohono village have a repertoire of culturally stylized patterns of behavior to help them maintain their health. The use of foods and ceremonies for preventing illness and maintaning health are emphasized in the styles of the people as well as the concept of taking care of self and others. Comfort and discomfort, fatigue, aches, thirst, hunger, and sadness are daily experiences of the people. Laughter, crying, "taking care of self and others", walking slowly, eating beans and tortillas, maintaining calm thoughts, and so on, are all culturally defined patterns for coping with alterations in feeling. When professional healers are needed, they will be consulted according to how helpful people perceive these healers to be by their sensitive attitudes and actions. The medicine man, nurses, medicine ladies, the ladies-who-pray, physicians, and St. Francis are perceived to be members of the health care team for the Papago people. The meaningful patterning of culturally defined behavior must be understood within the context of the Papago cultural system. As illustrated by the Tohono, "taking care of self and others" is highly valued, but it is only meaningful as we understand the rules of the Papago society, particularly the religious and kinship systems. These systems tell us that family members are important in taking care of themselves and others. Thus, the description in this paper of culturally patterned health practices with their rituals, ceremonies, and ways to help maintain health and heal the sick help the reader to understand the importance of health and healing behaviors within a designated cultural context. In this study, it is the Papago community and their specialty life ways of maintaining health and preventing illnesses.
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PMID:Observations of a health and healing system in a Papago community. 101 85

In a group of nine healthy but obese women a set of tests were used to estimate several physiological and psycho-physiological variables: self-rating of hunger, mood and physical vigor, self-recording of grip-strength, muscular fatigue test, eye-hand skill, tempo, etc. Measurements were performed every 6-hours, at fixed times, during 24-hours, once a week, before (non-restricted spontaneous food intake) and for three weeks on a 220 cal. special protein diet (calcium caseinate: 55g, associated with potassium salts, water and vitamins). Findings relating to the metabolic and hormonal variables while on this diet have already been reported: (a) The diet does not alter the circadian acrophase (peak) of the variables and (b) two distinct metabolic steps occur: first a peak of gluconeogenesis and second, a phase when ketone bodies and fatty acids are used almost exclusively as source of fuel. The present findings show that so long as nitrogen remains in balance this restricted diet (a) does not change the grip strength and the muscular fatigue test; (b) does not alter the mood, the physical vigor etc. and (c) induces a statistically significant fall in "hunger" (self-rating method). We conclude that this low protein diet is compatible with non-strenuous work.
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PMID:A chronobiological investigation of fitness for work in women on a 220 cal 24 h protein diet. 102 34

The Psychopathology of Anorexia mentalis offers the main and singular interest to understand how hunger is a need and no aliementar response can suffice. The recent contributions of psycho-analysis give central significations of the food relation between mother and baby. The symbolic importance of this relation is determinant in the normal behaviour.
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PMID:[A non-receptive hunger]. 102 71

The appetite stimulating action and the weight gaining potential of one month's treatment with the antihistamine and antiserotonergic compound cyproheptadine (Periactin) 4 mg three times daily was compared to placebo in a double-blind crossover trial in sixteen thin but otherwise normal volunteers who wanted to gain weight. Subjects gained significantly more weight on cyproheptadine than on placebo. There was also a corresponding relative increase in subjective hunger ratings and food intake during the period on active drug. Drowsiness was the most frequent side effect observed. These findings are discussed in relation to a possible serotonergic feeding mechanism.
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PMID:The effect of cyproheptadine on hunger, calorie intake and body weight in man. 109 17

Karyometric measurements in rats which for 30 days had received a glucose diet or a glucose diet supplemented with thiamine showed the following decrease in nuclear size in contrast to no treated controls. (see article) In both experimental groups there was a 30% loss of weight during the course of the experiment. The different decreases in nuclear volume in the examined organs cannot be explained only by a relative state of hunger. The very large decrease in activity in the fasciculated zone of the adrenal cortex is explained as an adaptation mechanism favouring glucose oxidation by insulin, and the relative increase in activity in the adrenal medulla as an adaptation mechanism to accomplish an elevated lipolysis.
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PMID:[Karyometric studies of the pancreas and adrenal glands of the albino-rat fed an unbalanced glucose diet or a glucose diet supplemented with thiamine]. 109 41

The author thinks that, if lepra has suddenly decreased in Europe from the 14th century, it is because the most severe cases, i.e. the most contagious ones, disappeared during the hecatombs caused between 1348 and 1350 by the "Black Death", the black plague, which took most often the pulmonary form. The author disproves the opinion of those who think that lepers died from plague. He thinks that lepers' death was secondary to that of the monks who, at this time, cared for these outcases, and thanks to their self-sacrifice permitted these lepers' survival. The monks were more exposed to contagion; obliged by their vocation and by pope's command to help the dyings and to give them sacraments, they were obliged to leave lepers to their fate. Like domestic animals, the latter died of hunger probably, any corpse or carcass being considered as plague victims. Supporting this opinion, the author reports his observations at Madagascar, where no leper of the leper-houses of Madascar center, a plague focus still to-day but very active between 1922 and 1936, contracted plague. On the other hand, experiments with "leprous" rats (Stefansky bacillus) showed a significant resistance of these animals to an experimental plague infection.
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PMID:[What was the fate of patients with leprosy during the plague pandemia in the middle ages (1348-1350)]. 110 Feb 86

To determine the effects of arousal on preference for complexity 9 infants (16 to 18 mo.) were exposed to different levels of complexity under low and high hunger drive. Low-hunger Ss showed longer fixation time than high-hunger Ss toward all stimuli and showed relatively greater preference for complexity than high-hunger Ss. The results were interpreted in terms of optimal-stimulation theory and information-processing theory.
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PMID:Arousal and preferences for complexity in infants. 111 59

One theory holds that appetitive drives such as hunger and thirst are not conditionable because of their slow onset. However, recent evidence has shown only transitory conditioning of appetitive drives even with rapid onset. Such experiments may have failed because: (a) Exteroceptive conditioned stimuli (CSs) used in past experiments may be less easily accociated with the internal hunger drive than are interoceptive taste cues. Experiments 1-3 provided some support for this hypothesis. (b) The dependent measures used in past experiments may not be valid. Experiments 4 and 5 suggested that changes in the rate of bar pressing on an operant extinction curve following probe CSs for hunger may be a more sensitive and valid index of conditioned appetitive drive. However, the elusive and transitory nature of these results demands a reexamination of the basic difference between appetitive and aversive drives, which lies in the mode of their onset and control and which, given adaptive considerations, can account for their widely different conditionability.
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PMID:Some new perspectives on conditioned hunger. 114 19

Yawning in reptiles was investigated in field observations of various lizard and tortoise species and in laboratory experiments with the tortoises Testudo h. hermanni and Emys orbicularis. In the experiments the animals' reactions to various conditions of temperature, air O2 and CO2 content, fatigue and hunger, were tested. Yawning and related or similar motor patterns are described and discussed.
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PMID:[The problem of yawning in reptiles]. 114 23

Following water drprivation, rats with lateral preoptic (LPO) damage lose the normal preference for glucose solutions. Food deprivation reinstates the preference. This dependency is specific to sweet-tasting fluids, and the deficit persists even if thirst is alleviated prior to the preference test. Such rats will drink sweet solutions in response to intravascular fluid depletion, but they are deficient in response to sweet solutions under nondeprived conditions. This last finding in particular suggests that hunger and palatability, as determinants of the response to sweet solutions, may be dissociated by LPO damage.
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PMID:Some observations on the preference deficits produced by lateral preoptic lesions in the rat. 115 Sep 49


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