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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hungry rats drink extremely large amounts of water when they are intermittently fed small amount of food (schedule-induced polydipsia). Are such animals motivated to drink for long durations, to ingest large amounts of fluid, or to do both? When drinking-tube apertures were decreased to slow the rate of water ingestion, each of eight rats spent more time drinking (M = 11.5 min) than when larger apertures were used (M = 7.8 min). The mean volumes ingested were not different. These equal volumes were generated by adjustment of each drink duration in accordance with ingestion rate even during the first few drinks of the sessioons, even when the drinking tubes were frequently switched (every 1-3 min) during the sessions. During drinking induced by water deprivation when food was concurrently available, restriction of the driking-tube apertures reduced intake volumes by 18%-19%. However, when food was not concurrently available during water-deprivation-induced driking, regulation of intake volumes was comparable with that found during schedule-induced polydipsia. These data pose difficulties for theories that ascribe a crucial role to the motor aspects of schedule-induced drinking.
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PMID:Water-intake volume regulation in the rat: schedule-induced drinking compared with water-deprivation-induced drinking. 87 22

The recognition and treatment of obesity has undergone marked changes in the past two decades. Along with the abandoning of the concept of exogenous obesity, the physician has discovered a variety of developmental, psychological, pharmacologic, socioeconomic, neurological, and genetic roots for the syndrome. The clinician has also found medical treatment modalities (fasting and behavior modification) that hold much more promise than traditional supportive relationships with dietary consultation and anorexogenic medications. Surgical treatment also, ileojejunal bypass, is gradually emerging as a treatment of choice for certain well-motivated, super-obese people for whom all other treatment modalities have failed. Future research into central serotonergic mechanisms offers hope that we can begin to know what it is that turns on hunger, turns off appetite, and regulates weight in such a stable manner over such a long period of time.
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PMID:Basic considerations in the treatment of obesity. 87 19

Isolated hearts of rats responded to increasing doses of noradrenaline (NA) with progressing increase of the sistolic pressure in the left ventricle and with bradycardia. Tachyrhythmic response occurred only at high concentration of NA (5-10(-8)). During energy hunger induced by O2 deficit, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenole the NA inotropic effect has reduced, but the relative stabilization of the heart integral response (Opil's index) was achieved due to activation of NA positive chronotropic effect. The character of NA effects under conditions of energy hunger does not depend on the initial level of endogenous NA. Even in the isolated heart at ATPh deficit a compensatory mechanism comes to action switching the NA regulating effect from the contractile process over to activation of pacemaker rhythmic activity.
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PMID:[Dissociation of the ino- and chronotropic response of isolated rat heart to noradrenaline in the presence of oxygen deficit, exposure to cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol]. 88 Oct 43

Very fat people die earlier than people of normal weight because hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease are more frequent among the markedly obese. Most obese subjects, however, are only slightly overweight and their mortality is not elevated. Reasons for dieting are more often psychological than somatic. 2. Reducing diets are ineffective because the obese rarely follow them. Total fasting and intestinal bypass may provide better results, but are more dangerous. 3. Atkins' diet eliminates carbohydrates from food without restricting protein and fat intake. Deprived of carbohydrates, the body uses fat for fuel. A small part of metabolized fat is eliminated in the urine as ketone bodies, and this is why such diets are called "ketogenic". They have been known at least since 1863. 4. Caloric loss due to ketonuria does not exceed 100 Cal/day in the non-diabetic. It is maximal during total fasting and cannot be increased by a ketogenic diet. 5. In the short run, such diets produce rapid weight loss due to polyuria. On the other hand, refeeding carbohydrates causes water retention and weight gain. 6. The diet decreases appetite: patients eat less without feeling severe hunger and without measuring their food intake. 7. Orthostatic hypotension, fatigue, and nausea are frequent, despite what Dr. ATKINS claims. 8. The diet increases plasma cholesterol and uric acid. It may be dangerous in diabetes (anorexia, acidosis) and in heart or kidney failure (hypokalemia). 9. The diet, though far from good, is better than the book. ATKINS' theories are at best half-truths, and the results he claims lack credibility. The obese subject's disappointment with traditional reducing diets and the book's hard-sell style account for ATKINS' success.
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PMID:[Dr. Atkins' dietetic revolution: a critique]. 89 45

According to Eysenck, extraverts are characterized by inhibited cortical activity accompanied by prominent alpha brain rhythms. This prevents efficient cortical functioning. They have a 'stimulus hunger' in order to increase cortical efficiency. Assuming that nicotine is a stimulant drug, Eysenck puts forward his theory that extraverts will also have a 'stimulus hunger' for the nicotine in cigarettes and will therefore smoke more than introverts, to whom the reverse applies. Implicit in Eysenck's theory is a positive, causal relationship between the amount of alpha brain rhythms and the number of cigarettes smoked. Inspection of the literature, however, indicated that small doses of nicotine stimulate the nervous system, whereas large doses tend to inhibit it. Eysenck's theory was therefore challenged by the alternative hypothesis that light smokers are characterized by prominent alpha brain rhythms and smoke for stimulation. Heavy smokers are, however, characterized by a small amount of alpha activity (overactivated cortex which also prevents efficient functioning), and therefore smoke for inhibition to enhance their cortical efficiency and thus their alpha activity. The results were reconcilable with this hypothesis. The positive relationship implied by Eysenck's theory only held good for light and moderate smokers. Heavy smokers probably smoke for cortical inhibition.
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PMID:A psychophysiological re-evaluation of Eysenck's theory concerning cigarette smoking. Part I. The central nervous system. 89 17

Motor activity of the stomach in V. griseus consists of contractions which follow the rhythm of 7-10 movements per 15 min. In contrast to tortoises, no periodic hunger activity of the stomach was observed in the lizard. Subcutaneous injection of 0.6% NaCl solution does not affect contractile activity of stomach muscles. Pilocarpine in a dose 100 microgram/kg of body weight did not change the gastrogram, doses 500 and 1,000 microgram increased the frequency and the amplitude of contractions. Atropine in a low dose (100 microgram) did not affect stomach movements. Doses 500, 1,000 and 2,000 microgram induced biphasic response. Sunflower-seed oil (10 ml) decreased twofold the frequency and the amplitude of contractions within 45-60 min.
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PMID:[Gastric motor activity in Varanus griseus lizards]. 89 11

Experiments were conducted on albino mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits. The role played by glucocorticoids in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen--cholera exotoxin (edema of the limbs in mice and the skin test after Craig in guinea pigs and rabbits) was studied. Tissue sensitivity of these animals to the action of cholerogen diminished under the effect of stress factors (intramuscular injection of formalin, intraperitoneal injection of cholerogen, immobilization, hunger, laparatomy, etc.) and in case of glucocorticoid administration. A hypothesis is put forward that cholera exotoxin entering the blood from the intestine and activating the adrenal cortex function in vivo promoted the development of cholera intoxication.
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PMID:[Role of adrenal cortex hormones in the realization of the biological action of cholerogen]. 89 24

The authors trace three phases in the course of anorexia nervosa and compare its physical and psychological symptoms with those of starvation. Phase I, which may occur months or years before the illness, usually includes precipitating events that result in loss of self-esteem and increased self-consciousness about physical appearance. During phase II patients develop the "anorectic attitude," an unreasonable fear of eating, and show pride in their ability to lose weight. By phase III patients are forced by the severity of starvation symptoms to admit that they are ill. Although many of the physical symptoms of starvation and anorexia nervosa are similar, anorectic patients, in contrast to victims of starvation, show high initiative, the ability to suppress hunger, restless hyperactivity, and body image distortion.
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PMID:On the course of anorexia nervosa. 90 Mar 7

Intracellular glucopenia induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in man produces increased hunger ratings and magnitude estimates of pleasantness for sucrose solutions. Augmented food intake substantiates these changes in affective behavior and relieves experimentally induced hunger. Intracellular glucopenia activates counterregulatory mechanisms to raise plasma glucose concentrations. Inducing hunger experimentally with 2DG provides a useful method for studying appetitive behavior in humans. The neurohumoral control of pituitary hormone release and other hypothalamic functions may be examined after 2DG infusion.
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PMID:Hunger in humans induced by 2-deoxy-D-glucose: glucoprivic control of taste preference and food intake. 92 88

A study was made of the amount of a labile and a stable glycogen fractions in the rat liver cells under various feeding regimes and different durations of liver perfusion. The amount of the glycogen fraction revealed after a 40 minutes' treatment in a Schiff type reagent--Auramine--SO2 was found most chaneable at hunger, at feeding with carbohydrate rich food and at liver perfusion. This fraction is removed from the cells after the treatment with cold trichloroacetic acid (TCA-fraction). The amount of the glycogen fraction revealed after a more prolonged treatment of cells (90 minutes) in Auramine--SO2 and extracted only with hot KOH (KOH fraction), is relatively stable. According to the cytochemical evidence, the TCA and KOH fraction contents in the rat liver cells reach 80--85 and 15--20%, resp. The cytochemical evidence provided obtained with the fluorescence PAS-reaction permits to consider as identic the glycogen fractions revealed with biochemical methods.
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PMID:[A microfluorimetric study of glycogen fractions in rat liver under different conditions of liver perfusion and animal nutrition]. 94 Dec 86


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