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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nowadays, the trend of recommendations to prepare infant formulas with only 2 per cent or less of protein does not correspond with the optimal protein demand and protein utilization in infants. Such formulas often prompt mothers to add carbohydrates to the protein half-strength milks in order to satisfy the infant's hunger. This often leads to the unwanted effect to obesity. There is no evidence to prove that infants above the age of 1 month should not receive 2.2 or 2.3% of protein in their formulas. This quantity is fully utilized by the infants; it has no disadvantages and is safe. Hence, the recommendations should not be based on the minimum daily requirements but on the optimal utilization, whereby the tendency to obesity can also be reduced.
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PMID:[The optimal protein quantity in infant nutrition]. 55 33

Three experiments investigated the effects of food deprivation on several behavioral categories in two species of sunfish. In Experiment 1, predatory behavior and general activity were observed under five levels of deprivation. For both species, predation measures increased in a similar negatively accelerating manner with increasing deprivation, while activity changed in a more complex fashion. Experiment 2 examined the effects of deprivation on activity in a novel environment and showed that the deprivation effects of Experiment 1 were masked by the response to the new setting. In Experiment 3, measures of aggression toward intruders of each species were recorded from resident fish of both species under three levels of food deprivation. Both species were more aggressive toward conspecifics, and bluegills were more aggressive overall. Aggression was significatly influenced by food deprivation, with the effects dependent on the species making up the pair. Theories of motivational summation, generalized drive, and activity-mediated aggression were unable to explain the differential effects of hunger on the three behavioral categories observed. A dynamic boundary-state model of behavior control was found to predict the motivational interactions observed between distinct behavioral control systems.
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PMID:Predation, aggression, and activity levels in food-deprived sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus and L. gibbosus): motivational interactions. 55 95

Rats that were made diabetic by the subcutaneous injection of alloxan monohydrate were found to be resistant to the anorexic action of d-amphetamine. This resistance to amphetamine anorexia did not appear attributable to an increased hunger motivation of the diabetic rats, but rather seemed due to a diminished action of the drug in alloxan-injected animals. This conclusion was supported by further experiments indicating that alloxan-injected rats show diminished locomotor activity and stereotyped behavior following amphetamine administration. Furthermore, the amphetamine resistance appears to be the result of the diabetic state, since amphetamine-induced stereotyped behavior could be reinstated in alloxan-injected rats by the administration of protamine zinc insulin for ten days. The results of these investigations suggest that there exists an altered central nervous system response to d-amphetamine in the diabetic rat. These possibility of an abnormal functioning of central catecholamine-containing neurons in such animals is discussed.
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PMID:Further analysis of the resistance of the diabetic rat to d-amphetamine. 56 33

The aggressive tendencies of male dark-eyed juncos Junco hyemalis did not differ significantly following deprivation from food for 20 and 60 min. Tendencies to approach opponents at food, in contrast, increased with longer deprivation. Acute hunger and aggression are thus not competing behavioral systems. Nor do differences in rates of approach by subordinates affect aggressive tendencies of dominant birds.
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PMID:Effects of hunger on aggression, approach, and avoidance by juncos (Junco hyemalis). 57 95

Two groups each of young and old animals were fed nutritonally adequate liquid diet. One group of each served for control, while in the other one 36% of the total caloric intake was supplied by ethanol in place of part of the fat and carbohydrate. The young animals became rapidly adapted to the alcohol containing diet, while the aged animals refused to eat it even at the expense of transient hunger and thirst. Alcohol treatment resulted in body weight loss and the appearance of slight ST segment abnormalities in the ECG. Histological study of the myocardium revealed no pathological finding. Alcohol reduced the blood pressure, TPR, gut and skin fractions of the cardiac output, myocardial nutritive blood flow, and vascular resistance of the carcass in both groups, whereas it increased the relative weight of the heart. There was a greater decrease of blood pressure and a greater increase in the relative weight of the heart in the old than in young alcohol treated animals. Chronic exposure to alcohol results in a redistribution of circulation which is detrimental to cardiac function. This alcohol induced redistribution affects the cardiovascular system of old animals more severely.
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PMID:Effect of chronic exposure to alcohol on the circulation of rats of different ages. 57 97

Lipoatrophic diabetes has been produced in rabbits by injection of a fraction prepared from the urine from patients with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. Both these conditions are considered to be hypothalamic syndromes. The animals, and a patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy and latent diabetes were treated with the dopamine receptor blocker, pimozide, for 4 and 17 months, respectively. The results were discouraging even though the patient got a daily dose of 16 mg pimozide. Fenfluramine has a lowering effect on brain serotonin, and peripheral effects on glucose and triglyceride metabolism. This drug improved the general condition of the rabbits with lipoatrophic diabetes, as well as that of the patient with congenital generalized lipodystrophy. The rabbits became normoglycaemic and insulin sensitive. In the patient a normalization of the urinary excretion of the serotonin metabolite 5-OH-indole acetic acid was observed. His voracious hunger and profuse perspiration were reduced, the hyperkeratotic layer of the skin peeled off, and the pigmentations of the skin decreased. There was observed an improvement of ALAT and ASAT, normalization of the fasting blood glucose, and increased sensitivity to exogenous insulin. After 11 months of 200 mg fenfluramine daily addtitional administration of 2 g clofibrate per day produced normalization of the serum triglyceride concentration and a marked reduction of the resistance to insulin. Three more patients with congenital generalized lipodystriphy, two of whom have manifest diabetes, have now started treatment with fenfluramine and are improving. The rabbits got relapse of their lipoatrophic diabetes when the fenfluramine treatment was stopped. It is suggested that a disturbance in the serotonin metabolism of the central nervous system may be of pathogenetic importance in congenital generalized lipodystrophy.
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PMID:Congenital generalized lipodystrophy and experimental lipoatrophic diabetes in rabbits treated successfully with fenfluramine. 57 33

Injections of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) have been claimed to aid in weight reduction by reducing hunger, and affecting mood as well as aiding in localized (spot) reduction. We have tested these claims in a double-blind randomized trial using injections of HCG or placebo. Weight loss was identical between the two groups, and there was no evidence for differential effects on hunger, mood or localized body measurements. Placebo injections, therefore, appear to be as effective as HCG in the treatment of obesity.
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PMID:Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the treatment of obesity: a critical assessment of the Simeons method. 59 85

Congenital generalized lipodystrophy is considered to be a diencephalic syndrome with disturbance of hypothalamic transmitters. After puberty and arrest of growth the patients develop a serious untreatable diabetes mellitus. One of our patients, a girl 15 years of age, developed a lipodystrophic diabetes with fasting blood glucose levels above 300 mg/100 ml, increased serum insulin with insulin resistance, and hyperlipidaemia. Daily administration of fenfluramine gave a dramatic improvement. The voracious hunger and profuse perspiration were reduced, the patient's serum lipids became normal, her blood glucose fell, and her sensitivity to exogenous insulin increased. A normalization of the urinary excretion of the serotonin metabolite, 5-OH-indole acetic acid, was observed.
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PMID:Lipodystrophic diabetes treated with fenfluramine. 61 40

Amphetamine (10 mg), but not fenfluramine (40 mg), suppressed appetite (ie salivation elicited by a palatable food) in ten subjects of normal weight one hour after ingestion. This result supports the hypothesis that the drugs operate through different neural mechanisms. Neither drug affected hunger and food appeal ratings.
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PMID:Differential effects of amphetamine and fenfluramine on appetite for palatable food in humans. 61 41

In dogs with electrodes indwelled into the duodenum, four phases of the change of duodenum pacesetter potentials were revealed at rest in hunger whereas no such changes were observed during digestion. The frequency ranges of both the pacesetter potentials and the bursts of action potentials were wider in hunger than during digestion. Without the digestive activity, the periodicity of the frequency oscillations of the pacemaker potentials corresponded with the periodicity of action potentials, whereas during the process of digestion the constancy of the pacesetter potential frequency corresponded with the action potential constancy. The regularities of optimal conditions for action potentials of the duodenum smooth muscles are discussed as well as the methodological conditions for revealing the authentic character of changes in the pacesetter potential frequency.
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PMID:[Relationship between the frequencies of pacemaker and action potentials in the duodenal smooth muscle of dogs]. 62 Aug 64


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