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The Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA) of the University of Chile was established in 1976. Its functions are, among others, to study the country's nutritional problems, conduct research into measures for improving the nutritional status of the community, and train researchers and professionals, technical, and auxiliary staff in the nutrition field. Since 1977 the Institute has operated as an associated center of the United Nations University (UNU) in the area of human needs and, as such, carries out research in food and nutrition problems, provides training and education to UNU fellows, collaborates in the establishment of a worldwide network of institutions interested in the problem of world hunger, and advises UNU on the conduct of occupational training and research programs. This article refers more specifically to the teaching functions of INTA and describes its undergraduate and graduate activities and pedagogical training for nutrition instructors.
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PMID:[Manpower training at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology]. 45 7

Pain is better classified as an awareness of a need-state than as a sensation. It serves more to promote healing than to avoid injury. It has more in common with the phenomena of hunger and thirst than it has with seeing or hearing. The period after injury is divided into the immediate, acute and chronic stages. In each stage it is shown that pain has only a weak connection to injury but a strong connection to the body state.
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PMID:On the relation of injury to pain. The John J. Bonica lecture. 46 Sep 33

Although showing superior maintenance, behavioral treatments of obesity typically produce small weight losses at a decelerating rate. Rather than reflecting poor compliance with treatment, these findings are consistent with known compensatory metabolic changes that operate to slow weight loss and promote regain. Other problems associated with dieting include failure of caloric regulation, hyper-responsivity to food palatability, and hunger, which is greater under conditions of moderate restriction and unpredictability of access to food. The inevitability of treatment failure in many instances must be faced and efforts made to prevent further worsening of the obese patient's self-esteem. Prognosis and treatment planning may be aided by consideration of the historical difficulties of weight loss, the degree of hunger experienced on diets, which may reflect important physiological differences among individuals, and the use of food to optimize arousal level. Full involvement of the patient in setting goals and planning treatment is recommended.
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PMID:Theoretical, practical, and social issues in behavioral treatments of obesity. 46 47

The nature, development, and specificity of serotonergic involvement in the control of suckling behavior in rat pups from 10 to 35 days of age were studied. During development, suckling normally declines after 10 days and is abandoned after 30 days. It was found that (a) methysergide, a serotonin (5-HT) receptor blocker, reinstated suckling behavior in pups 15 days of age and older but had no effect on the suckling of 10-day old pups, (b) quipazine, a 5-HT receptor agonist, inhibited suckling of pups 10 days of age and older, (c) methysergide pretreatment blocked the quipazine inhibition of suckling, and (d) metergoline, another 5-HT blocker, also stimulated suckling, and fenfluramine, a 5-HT releaser, blocked suckling in deprived pups. Together, these data support the hypothesis that a serotonergic inhibitory mechanism modulates the suckling of weaning-age rats. These pharmacological manipulations of 5-HT appear to alter specific components of suckling behavior involved in its initiation and maintenance but do not appear to alter a general hunger system.
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PMID:Inhibition of suckling in weaning-age rats: a possible serotonergic mechanism. 47 91

A technique for clustering infants' cry-signals on the basis of perceptually discriminable acoustic characteristics is reported. A cry-sequence containing all pairwise combinations of 24 signals was constructed. These signals have been used previously in cry-recognition studies (e.g., Wasz-Hockert, et al., 1968) and consist of six each of pain, hunger, pleasure, and birth. 20 musically competent subjects were tested individually and instructed to compare each cry with the one immediately preceding it in the sequence. Forced-choice "similarity" scores were summed for every pair of cries. These "similarity scores" were data for both a manual and a computerized clustering method. There was absolute agreement between these two methods, and the clusters of cry-signals correspond very closely to the four original cry groups. This seems a valid technique for examining the acoustic similarity of infants' cry-signals.
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PMID:Discrimination of infants' cry-signals. 48 18

The effects of training on the ability to identify 4 infants' cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied in 60 college students (aged 18 to 30 yr.). Subjects with training scored significantly higher than those without in identifying all but the pleasure cry-signal. In a follow-up retest 10 wk. later, scores for the birth and hunger cry-signals improved significantly (p less than .05) for subjects without training, while scores for subjects with training remained about the same. The suggestion that repeated exposure to cry-signals may serve as training was discussed.
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PMID:Effects of training versus non-training in identification of infant cry-signals: a longitudinal study. 48 25

We investigated geophagia in the black population of rural Holmes County, Mississippi. Twenty-five sources of geophagical clays were located and most of the sources are associated with rural settlements throughout the county. Clays are taken from subsurface soil horizons, and all but one of the sources come from the upland portion of the county. Geophagia occurs among 57% of women and 16% of children of both sexes, but it is not found among adult males or adolescents. Average daily comsumption of clay is 50 g. Our data indicate geophagia is not correlated with hunger, anemia, or helminthic problems, but it may contribute to the common problem of hypertension. Geophagia has been suggested as one of the factors leading to hyperkalemia, but our data do not support this notion.
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PMID:Geophagia in rural Mississippi: environmental and cultural contexts and nutritional implications. 48 31

Elfazepam (7-chloro-1-[2-(ethylsulfonyl)ethyl]-5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4benzodiazepin-2-one) and-9-aza-cannabinol )10 hydroxy-beta-(3-methyl-2-octyl)-5',5-dimethyl-5H-1 benzopyranol 3,4-d pyridine, HC1) were administered IV to study their effects on feed intake and acid secretion in abomasal Pavlov pouches in sheep. Elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol increased 3-fold 3 hr postinjection feed intake and decreased abomasal acid secretion compared to saline and DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide) control treatments. At doses which elicit feeding, 9-aza-cannabinol was a much more potent inhibitor of acid secretion than elfazepam. These results are consistent with the theory of localized hypothalamic nuclei which have roles in the control of both feed intake and gastric acid secretion. However, in contrast to feeding associated with normal hunger, the benzodiazepine and cannabinol stimulated feeding is associated with decreased gastric acid secretion.
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PMID:Feeding and depression of abomasal secretion in sheep elicited by elfazepam and 9-aza-cannabinol. 49 98

Obese patients were admitted to a metabolic unit for weight loss. On two paired-test days subjects were given disguised preloads of 100 kcal (0.42MJ) or 300 kcal (1.26MJ). When presented with a meal one hour after the preload, subjects salivated more and reported more hunger, but not appetite, after the low compared to the high preload. A different group of 14 subjects were given preloads of the same energy content (200 kcal, 0.84MJ) on paired-test days. On one day they took 1 g methyl cellulose with 100 ml water drink immediately before the preload. Neither the energy-dilution effect of the water, nor the effect of the methyl cellulose caused a significant decrease in salivation, hunger or appetite scores one hour after the preloads of equal energy content. These results show that salivation and hunger are inversely related to short-term changes in energy intake in obese subjects. Alterations in energy density without changing energy intake or the ingestion of methyl cellulose have no effect on salivation, hunger or appetite.
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PMID:Short-term effects of energy density on salivation, hunger and appetite in obese subjects. 52 33

Similarities in anomalous perception of internal gastric states and sensitivity to distraction among the obese to variations in perceptual reactance suggest that the obese tend to augment the intensity of visceral cues associated with hunger. It was hypothesized that the obese would be overrepresented at the augmenter end of the perceptual reactance continuum. Thirteen obese (six male, seven female) and 14 nonobese (eight male, six female) college students participated in a study in which perceptual reactance was assessed by degree of Kinesthetic Figural Aftereffect (KFA). A highly significant relationship in the predicted direction was observed for perceptual reactance category and mean percent weight deviation. Additionally, there was a highly significant interaction of sex by category, with the hypothesized relationship intensified for the female Ss. Results supported interpretation of obesity as a consequence of animalous perception of cues associated with consuming behavior.
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PMID:Obesity and perceptual reactance. 55 89


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