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Query: UMLS:C0020175 (hunger)
 5,670 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The inhition of feeding in rats brought about by amphetamine and fenfluramine was continuously monitored for periods of up to 24 h using a pellet detecting eatometer. For rats tested under conditions of food deprivation the two drugs gave rise to distinctive anorexic profiles: amphetamine delayed the onset of eating whereas fenfluramine allowed eating to commence normally but brought about an early termination of the initial bout of feeding. When the drugs were administrated to rats with free access to food, analysis of the meal pattern showed that amphetamine gave rise to a small increase in the inter-meal interval while fenfluramine brought about a clear reduction tion in meal size. It is suggested that the contrasting modes of action of these drugs represent an effect of amphetamine upon hunger and an action of fenfluramine on satiety. This suggestion is in keeping with the proposed mechanisms of action of these drugs, amphetamine acting upon a hpothalamic motivational system and fenfluramine acting by means of a postulated serotoninergic satiety system. Use of the continuous monitoring technique has pointed pointed to certain limitations in the assessment of anorexic drug action by means of discrete food sampling periods.
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PMID:Differences between the anorexic actions of amphetamine and fenfluramine--possible effects on hunger and satiety. 0 42

The salivation behaviour of wild G. pallidipes obtained from Lambwe Valley and Kbwezi was studied. Salivation was measured by counting the number of salivary drops secreted per minute and measuring the sizes of the stained saliva after drawing them with a camera lucida. The results confirmed observations obtained from laboratory bred flies. The quantity of saliva secreted by tsetse flies was significantly increased as the flies became hungrier. The proportion of flies salivating also increased with intensity of hunger. Female G. pallidipes secreted significantly more saliva than the males. There was no significant difference between the quantities of saliva secreted by infected and free tsetse flies; thus there is no evidence to support the suggestion that the presence of trypanosomes in the tsetse fly stimulated it to salivate copiously. Flies having trypanosome infection in their salivary glands discharge large numbers of mature parasites in their saliva. Flies with trypanosomes in their proboscis discharged relatively few mature and immature parasites in their saliva.
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PMID:Salivary Secretion in wild Glossina pallidipes Austen. (Diptera, Glossinidae). 1 92

In the lens, disorders of the metabolism occur, and, with them, active permeability (the cation pump with uptake of K and release of Na) changes to passive permeability and consequently Na ions enter with water. As a result, the lens increases in weight and a subcapsular (permeability) cataract develops. It is shown that the cattle lens in vitro increases in weight the lower the pH (6.5 greater than 7.5 greater than 8.5) of the surrounding fluid becomes. In a further experiment, 1 ml of buffered liquids with different pH were injected into the anterior chamber of the eyes of freshly slaughtered cattle. Here, too, the mechanically undamaged, untouched lens increased in weight more greatly as the pH (5.5 greater than 6.5 greater than 7.5 greater than 8.5) of the injected fluid was lowered. The significance of the lowering of the pH, e.g., in local inflammation (iritis, cyclitis, retinitis, etc.) or general acidoses (diabetes mellitus, galactosemia, hunger, extracorporeal circulation for atrophic kidney. Albright-, Love-, Fanconi-syndrome) for the appearance of incipient subcapsular clouding of the lens is pointed out.
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PMID:[Lens changes occuring as a result of lowered pH (acidosis) (author's transl)]. 1 65

The indices of acid-alkaline blood balance was studied in the dynamics of dosed hungering in 29 patients with sluggish schizophrenia and 16 patients with residual signs oforganic lesions of the CNS. There were differences in the pH index, standard and buffer bicarbonates alkaline deficiency which indicated to different degrees of acidosis in this group of patients. Significant differences in the acid-alkaline indices during hunger were seen in the different groups of patients depending upon the existence or absence of hypothalamic disorders (without consideration of their nosological affinity). The existence of hypothalamic disorders requires a more careful consideration when prescribing hunger therapy (the first session should not exceed 10-14 days).
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PMID:[Acid-base balance during dosed fasting of schizophrenic patients with residual manifestations of organic lesions of the central nervous system]. 2 50

Until recent years, nutrition has received little attention in U.S. agriculture, food, and health policies. This circumstance is changing. In the late sixties and early seventies, reports of hunger and malnutrition sparked public reaction and a shift in policy. The White House Conference on Food, Nutrition and Health in 1971 prompted the Senate select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs to address itself to this problem, with the result that the Food Stamp, child nutrition, WIC, and Nutrition for the Elderly programs were initiated or expanded. Then, in the mid-seventies, the Select Committee turned its attention to broader issues of nutrition and health and declared that the goal of any food system is the maintenance and improvement of nutritional health of the population. This objective emerged as public policy in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977. As the Select Committee continued its work, problems of overnutrition became more apparent. The culmination of its studies was the issuance early in 1977 of the "Dietary Goals for the United States," designed to improve the nutrition and reduce health problems of the population. To that same end, the Select Committee has also made recommendations regarding food labeling and nutrition education.
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PMID:Nutrition policy--from neglect and uncertainty to debate and action. 2 45

The rates at which neurons synthesize such Group I neurotransmitters as serotonin, acetylcholine, and the catecholamines norepinephrine and dopamine depend physiologicall on the availability to them of the circulating precursors for these compounds (tryptophan, choline and tyrosine, respectively). The concentrations of precursor in the circulation and in neurons change rapidly after food consumption, depending upon what is eaten. Nutrient intake thus normally influences the synthesis of these neurotransmitters. Neurons that emit signals by releasing serotonin, acetylcholine, dopamine, or norepinephrine participate in the control of a number of bodily functions and behaviors (e.g., hunger, food choice, sleep, alertness, sensitivity to environmental stimuli and disease states). Dietary manipulations (or the consumption of individual nutrients) can thus be used as tools for the experimental analysis of functions mediated by monoaminergic or cholinergic neurons, and as adjuncts in the treatment of some diseases of these neurons. It is unclear "why" the evolutionary process should have "allowed" the neurotransmission mediated by acetylcholine or the monoamine transmitters to be influenced by the vagaries of food choice. One possible benefit that might accrue to the organism as a result of this dependency would be the use of cholinergic or monoaminergic neurons as "sensors", providing the brain with information about peripheral metabolic state. Thus carbohydrate consumption, which--by altering plasma amino acid levels accelerates brain serotonin synthesis--enhances the release of a transmitter (serotonin) that tends to diminish the animal's desire to consume carbohydrates.
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PMID:When--and why--should nutritional state control neurotransmitter synthesis? 3 79

The study of the mechanism and process of salivation in tsetse flies is of paramount importance towards a fuller understanding of the transmission of trypanosomiasis and nagana diseases. Gordon, Crewe and Willett (1956) made direct observations, through a microscope, of the haustellum of G. morsitans as it penetrated into the ear of an anesthetised mouse and found that probing was accompanied by a copious but intermittent ejection of saliva from the hypopharynx. The outpouring of the saliva commenced during penetration of the stratum corneum and was maintained throughout probing of the tissues. During engorgement, blood is taken in through the labium while saliva was discharged from the hypopharynx at the same time. Besides this work, very little else seems to have been done on the salivary secretion by tsetse flies especially in relation to the hunger cycle of the fly and to the species of tsetse. These aspects were studied on three important species of tsetse and are reported upon in this paper.
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PMID:Salivary secretion in three species of tsetse flies (Glossinidae). 5 81

A case of a patient with hyperinsulinism due to insulinoma associated with neurological and psychiatric disturbances including EEG alterations is reported. The hunger test as well as the i.v. tolbutamid test proved to be of diagnostic importance. In addition, the electroencephalographic studies combined with blood sugar analyses before and after 50 g glucose, orally, showed a reversibility of the EEG alterations together with normalization of the blood surgar levels. These results point to the possibility of differentiating biochemical from structural cerebral lesions associated with hyperinsulinism.
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PMID:[Hyperinsulinism. Neurological and psychiatric aspects (author's transl)]. 5 30

The clinical picture of insulinomas is discussed with reference to the literature and 27 of our own cases. The neurological symptoms are usually more prominent, so that the diagnosis is delayed. The average delay between the onset of the disease and its recognition was 4 years. Whipple's triad is characteristic of insulinoma. Of the chemical laboratory investigations, the hunger and tolbutamide tests are the most reliable for the diagnosis. Because of the danger of brain damage, there is an absolute indication for operation. Conservative treatment is burdened with numerous side effects so that it is only considered as a temporary measure or for inoperable patients. In the overwhelming majority of cases, enucleation of the tumors from the pancreas is successful. The cure rate after successful operation is about 80%.
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PMID:[Experience in the treatment of islet adenomas (author's transl)]. 5 71

Various hypotheses for the mechanism of regulation of body-weight in human adults have been proposed in the light of the magnitude of the long-term changes in weight actually observed. One of these hypotheses has been represented in the form of a computer simulation model which has been used to demonstrate that (i) it is not necessary to postulate the existence of a set-point regulatory system, and (ii) in practice, several mechanisms, including hunger and satiety, the relative constancy of habits and customs of behaviour, and the existence of cognitive thresholds combined with a relatively simple physiological negative feedback system probably constitute the simplest hypothesis for the mechanism of weight stability.
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PMID:Mechanisms for the control of body-weight. 6 70


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