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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This review considers recent studies regarding the role of environmental factors in the etiology of childhood leukemia and lymphoma. Potential environmental risk factors identified for childhood leukemia include exposure to magnetic fields of more than 0.4 micro Tessla, exposure to pesticides, solvents, benzene and other hydrocarbons, maternal alcohol consumption (but only for certain genotypes), contaminated drinking water, infections, and high birth weight. The finding of space-time clustering and seasonal variation also supports a role for infections. There is little evidence linking childhood leukemia with lifetime exposure to ionizing radiation although fetal exposures to X-rays are associated with increased risk. Breast-feeding, consumption of fresh fruit and vegetables and having allergies all appear to be protective. Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is confined to areas of the world where malaria is endemic, with the additional involvement of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as a co-factor. Environmental risk factors suggested for other types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) include exposure to ionizing radiation (both lifetime and antenatal), pesticides, and, in utero exposure to cigarette smoke, benzene and nitrogen dioxide (via the mother). Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is especially associated with higher levels of socioeconomic deprivation, but breast-feeding seems to confer lower risk. This is consistent with an infection or immune-response mediated etiology for HL.
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PMID:Environmental factors and childhood acute leukemias and lymphomas. 1669 May 16

A 14-year update to a previously published historical cohort study of aluminum reduction plant workers was conducted [1]. All men with three or more years at an aluminum reduction plant in British Columbia (BC), Canada between the years 1954 and 1997 were included; a total of 6,423 workers. A total of 662 men were diagnosed with cancer, representing a 400% increase from the original study. Standardized mortality and incidence ratios were used to compare the cancer mortality and incidence of the cohort to that of the BC population. Poisson regression was used to examine risk by cumulative exposure to coal tar pitch volatiles (CTPV) measured as benzene soluble materials (BSM) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP). The risk for bladder cancer was related to cumulative exposure to CTPV measured as BSM and BaP (p trends <0.001), and the risk for stomach cancer was related to exposure measured by BaP (p trend BaP <0.05). The risks for lung cancer (p trend <0.001), non-Hodgkin lymphoma (p trend <0.001), and kidney cancer (p trend <0.01) also increased with increasing exposure, although the overall rates were similar to that of the general population. Analysis of the joint effect of smoking and CTPV exposure on cancer showed the observed dose-response relationships to be independent of smoking.
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PMID:Cancer risk in aluminum reduction plant workers (Canada). 1684 Dec 61

Malignant lymphomas are a group of diseases of uncertain etiology. Both environmental factors and genetic susceptibility have been reported as risk factors. We have conducted a population-based case-control study in Italy: all newly diagnosed cases of malignant lymphoma, in males and females ages 20 to 74 years in the 1991 to 1993 period, were identified; the control group was comprised of a random sample of the general population resident in each of the areas under study, stratified by sex and 5-year age groups. Overall, 1,428 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) cases and 1,530 controls were interviewed. Experts from each geographic area examined questionnaire data and assigned a level of probability and intensity of exposure to a range of chemical groups and individual chemicals. For those in the medium/high level of exposure, there was an increased risk of NHL for exposure to benzene, xylene, and toluene. We have examined the hypothesis that the effect of solvents is related to their immunotoxicity by analyzing the interaction with a previous history of autoimmune disease. We have found an apparent, though not statistically significant, increased risk of NHL in those with both exposure to benzene and a history of autoimmune disease (odds ratio, 16.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.8-321). In addition, an odds ratio of 29.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.4-650.2, based on nine exposed cases) was associated with high-level exposure to benzene in those with a positive family history of malignant hematologic neoplasms. Both hypotheses (i.e., the interaction with autoimmune diseases and with familial predisposition) indirectly suggest that an immunologic mechanism could be involved in lymphomagenesis from solvents.
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PMID:Exposure to solvents and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: clues on putative mechanisms. 1733 40

Exposure to benzene, an important industrial chemical and component of gasoline, is a widely recognized cause of leukemia, but its association with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is less clear. To clarify this issue, we undertook a systematic review of all case-control and cohort studies that identified probable occupational exposures to benzene and NHL morbidity or mortality. We identified 43 case-control studies of NHL outcomes that recognized persons with probable occupational exposure to benzene. Forty of these 43 (93%) studies show some elevation of NHL risk, with 23 of 43 (53%) studies finding statistically significant associations between NHL risk and probable benzene exposure. We also identified 26 studies of petroleum refinery workers reporting morbidity or mortality for lymphomas and all neoplasms and found that in 23 (88%), the rate of lymphoma morbidity or mortality was higher than that for all neoplasms. A substantial healthy-worker effect was evident in many of the studies and a comprehensive reevaluation of these studies with appropriate adjustments should be undertaken. Numerous studies have also reported associations between benzene exposure and the induction of lymphomas in mice. Further, because benzene is similar to alkylating drugs and radiation in producing leukemia, it is plausible that it might also produce lymphoma as they do and by similar mechanisms. Potential mechanisms include immunotoxicity and the induction of double-strand breaks with subsequent chromosome damage resulting in translocations and deletions. We conclude that, overall, the evidence supports an association between occupational benzene exposure and NHL.
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PMID:Benzene exposure and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 1733 45

Epidemiological studies show that benzene exposure is associated with an increased incidence of leukemia and perhaps lymphoma. Chromosomal rearrangements are common in these hematopoietic diseases. Translocation t(14;18), the long-arm deletion of chromosome 6 [del(6q)], and trisomy 12 are frequently observed in lymphoma patients. Rearrangements of the MLL gene located on chromosome 11q23, such as t(4;11) and t(6;11), are common in therapy-related leukemias resulting from treatment with topoisomerase II inhibiting drugs. To examine numerical and structural changes in these chromosomes (2, 4, 6, 11, 12, 14, and 18), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was employed on metaphase spreads from workers exposed to benzene (n = 43) and matched controls (n = 44) from Shanghai, China. Aneuploidy (both monosomy and trisomy) of all seven chromosomes was increased by benzene exposure. Benzene also induced del(6q) in a dose-dependent manner (P(trend) = 0.0002). Interestingly, translocations between chromosomes 14 and 18, t(14;18), known to be associated with follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma, were increased in the highly exposed workers (P < 0.001). On the other hand, translocations between chromosome 11 and other partner chromosomes that are found in therapy-induced leukemias were not increased. These data add weight to the notion that benzene can induce t(14;18) and del(6q) found in lymphoma, but do not support the idea that benzene induces t(4;11) or t(6;11). However, they do not rule out the possibility that other rearrangements of the MLL gene at chromosome 11q23 may be induced by benzene.
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PMID:Aberrations in chromosomes associated with lymphoma and therapy-related leukemia in benzene-exposed workers. 1758 86

Benzene exposure has been shown to be related to acute myelogenous leukemia, while the association with multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been a much-debated issue. We performed a historical cohort study to investigate whether workers employed in Norway's upstream petroleum industry exposed to crude oil and other products containing benzene have an increased risk of developing various subtypes of hematologic neoplasms. Using the Norwegian Registry of Employers and Employees we included all 27,919 offshore workers registered from 1981 to 2003 and 366,114 referents from the general working population matched by gender, age, and community of residence. The cohort was linked to the Cancer Registry of Norway. Workers in the job category "upstream operator offshore", having the most extensive contact with crude oil, had an excess risk of hematologic neoplasms (blood and bone marrow) (rate ratio (RR) 1.90, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 1.19-3.02). This was ascribed to an increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (RR 2.89, 95% CI: 1.25-6.67) and multiple myeloma (RR 2.49, 95% CI: 1.21-5.13). There were no statistical differences between the groups in respect to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The results suggest that benzene exposure, which most probably caused the increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia, also resulted in an increased risk of multiple myeloma.
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PMID:Increased risk of acute myelogenous leukemia and multiple myeloma in a historical cohort of upstream petroleum workers exposed to crude oil. 1790 34

We investigated a suspected cluster of lymphohaematopoietic cancer in departments of biology and chemistry at a Norwegian university. A historical cohort of students and employees (n = 7,189) were followed for cancer for 96,936 person-years in the Cancer Registry of Norway. Overall, 12 cases of lymphohaematopoietic cancer were identified, which was close to the expected number (standardised incidence ratio 1.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.6-1.9). The SIR for leukaemia was 1.8 (95% CI 0.6-4.2) whereas incidences for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease incidence were close to the expected. Distinct rate differences were observed in subgroups, and the strongest adjusted associations were found for Ph.D. students (rate ratio (RR) = 4.8, 95% CI 1.1-20.3) and students who participated in basic organic chemistry laboratory course (RR = 4.4, 95% CI 1.2-18.8). The latter category was identified a priori because it was the only student activity with known use of benzene according to the university administration. This is an observational study with some limitations, and hence, caution is warranted when drawing inferences on the causal relationship between university activities and cancers under study. The study provides an example that cluster investigations can answer questions of public importance despite a more limited value regarding causal inference.
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PMID:Incidence of lymphohaematopoietic cancer at a university laboratory: a cluster investigation. 1798 98

A population-based case-control study involving 601 incident cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and 717 controls was conducted in 1996-2000 among Connecticut women to examine associations with exposure to organic solvents. A job-exposure matrix was used to assess occupational exposures. Increased risk of NHL was associated with occupational exposure to chlorinated solvents (odds ratio (OR) = 1.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 1.8) and carbon tetrachloride (OR = 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3, 4.0). Those ever exposed to any organic solvent in work settings had a borderline increased risk of NHL (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.6); moreover, a significantly increased risk was observed for those with average probability of exposure to any organic solvent at medium-high level (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.9). A borderline increased risk was also found for ever exposure to formaldehyde (OR = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0, 1.7) in work settings. Risk of NHL increased with increasing average intensity (P = 0.01), average probability (P < 0.01), cumulative intensity (P = 0.01), and cumulative probability (P < 0.01) level of organic solvent and with average probability level (P = 0.02) and cumulative intensity level of chlorinated solvent (P = 0.02). Analyses by NHL subtype showed a risk pattern for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma similar to that for overall NHL, with stronger evidence of an association with benzene exposure. Results suggest an increased risk of NHL associated with occupational exposure to organic solvents for women.
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PMID:Occupational exposure to solvents and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Connecticut women. 1905 33

This report examines the prevalence rate of Hodgkin's disease in an American mid-west town located directly south of a non-operational oil refinery. The refinery has a history of benzene-containing gasoline leaks dating back to the early 1900s. Exposure data were assessed through the Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) data as published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and supplemented by exposure simulations using variations of residential exposure times and odour levels and the benzene content of the gasoline. Prevalence rates depended on the size of the population in question. The population size varied greatly between sources, with the more conservative and consistent estimates being reported by the local government and United States Census Bureau and the highest population figure being reported by the Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry. The prevalence of Hodgkin's disease for the residents within 1 mile from the refinery was found to be elevated for every population figure, ranging from 72.11 cases per 100,000 using the ATSDR's population to 182.34 per 100,000, whereas the prevalence for Hodgkin's disease in all the United States is only 22 cases of Hodgkin's disease per 100,000 people. The prevalence value reported in this report should be given greater weight than what would have been calculated using data from the ATSDR. Because of its significantly increased value compared with the rest of the United States, it provides evidence of benzene's role as a causative agent in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease.
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PMID:Cluster of Hodgkin's lymphoma in residents near a non-operational petroleum refinery. 1914 72

The objectives were (1) to investigate potential environmental and occupational risk factors of non-Hodgkin lymphoid neoplasms (NHLN), and (2) to explore the relationships between risk factors and NHLN subtypes according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The investigation was a hospital-based case-control study consisting of 649 newly diagnosed NHLN cases (August 2003 through January 2008) and 1298 individually gender-age-matched patient controls at 25 hospitals in Shanghai. A 17-page questionnaire was used to obtain information on demographics, medical history, family history, lifestyle risk factors, employment history, residential history, and occupational and non-occupational exposures. Certain occupations of interest triggered a second questionnaire, which was occupation-specific and asked for more details about jobs, tasks, materials used and work environment. Exposure assessments were based on the questionnaires, on-site workplace investigations, data published in the Chinese literature, historical exposure measurements maintained by government health agencies, and expert opinions of a panel of local scientists who were familiar with workplaces in Shanghai. Risk estimates (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals) of individual risk factors were calculated using conditional logistic regression models. A number of potential environmental and occupational risk factors were associated with an increased risk of NHLN (all subtypes combined) and/or individual subtypes; including home/workplace renovation, living on a farm, planting crops, raising livestock or animals, farm workers, fabric sewing and cutting workers, welders and sheet metal workers, masonry and plastering workers, product and chemical testing workers, toy manufacturing, agriculture industry, and beauty salon. Exposures associated with an increased risk of NHLN (all subtypes combined) and/or individual subtypes included benzene, solvents, petroleum fuels, metals, insecticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and glues and adhesives. Multivariate models were used to adjust for potential confounding exposures, and several potential risk factors were subsequently eliminated. The results of the investigation indicated that some risk factors applied to all or most subtypes (e.g., insecticides and overall NHLN and subtypes of B-cell lymphoid neoplasms), while others to specific subtypes only (e.g., benzene and follicular lymphoma). Thus, some risk factors were subtype-specific. The difference in risk by subtype underscores the importance of the etiologic commonality and heterogeneity of NHLN subtypes.
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PMID:A hospital-based case-control study of non-Hodgkin lymphoid neoplasms in Shanghai: analysis of environmental and occupational risk factors by subtypes of the WHO classification. 1990 Apr 22


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