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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ready access to blood (plasma and formed cellular elements) makes it unusually susceptible to the deleterious effects of pollutants whose origins may be in the air. The red blood cells' hemoglobin may be rendered useless for oxygen transport by combination with carbon monoxide or conversion to methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin. Lead and arsine can damage the erythrocytes' membranes, resulting in anemia. Metabolites of benzene and other volatile polycyclic hydrocarbons are implicated in the causation of leukemias. The extensive use of pesticides and herbicides may be associated with the development of Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and aplastic anemia. The carcinogenic risks from ionizing radiation, especially for leukemia, are well known. More information is needed concerning the epidemiology of environmental factors responsible for damage to blood. Enhanced knowledge about the molecular biology of toxins' effects on the hematopoietic system and improved detection and prevention technologies are needed to answer environmentally related health questions.
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PMID:Blood and air pollution: state of knowledge and research needs. 863 33

The objective of this study was to identify occupational exposures that might be etiologically linked to an unusual cluster of ten cases of Hodgkin's disease. The cases were identified within the active workforce of a large chemical manufacturing firm over a 23-year period by the medical director of the facilities. Based on comparison with regional cancer incidence rates, the standardized incidence ratio for Hodgkin's disease was 497 (95% confidence interval: 238-915) for the period from the construction of the facilities in 1966 through early 1992. A nested case-control study was undertaken with 200 controls selected according to case-cohort sampling. Simultaneously, efforts were initiated to confirm and characterize each case more fully. Occupational exposures were identified and categorized using process, work history, medical record, and industrial hygiene data. Tissue slides were available for eight cases and a second review confirmed the diagnosis of Hodgkin's disease. For one case, a final diagnosis of large-cell anaplastic lymphoma was determined after histology review. Among 214 different chemical agents studied, eight were identified to which three or more of the cases had been exposed prior to the date of their initial diagnosis. Exposure odds ratios were statistically elevated for five of these agents; dose-response evaluations for two of the agents, ethylene oxide and benzene, failed to provide additional support for a causal relationship. In conclusion, although several statistical associations were identified, no substance emerged as a likely candidate for explaining the observed Hodgkin's disease cluster.
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PMID:Investigation of a cluster of ten cases of Hodgkin's disease in an occupational setting. 873 51

Epidemiologic evidence on the relationship between organic solvents and cancer is reviewed. In the 1980s, more than a million persons were potentially exposed to some specific solvents in the United States; in Canada, 40 percent of male cancer patients in Montreal had experienced exposure to solvents; in the Finnish population, one percent was regularly exposed. There is evidence for increased risks of cancer following exposure to: trichloroethylene (for the liver and biliary tract and for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas); tetrachloroethylene (for the esophagus and cervix--although confounding by smoking, alcohol, and sexual habits cannot be excluded--and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma); and carbon tetrachloride (lymphohematopoietic malignancies). An excess risk of liver and biliary tract cancers was suggested in the cohort with the high exposure to methylene chloride, but not found in the other cohorts where an excess risk of pancreatic cancer was suggested. 1,1,1-trichloroethane has been used widely, but only a few studies have been done suggesting a risk of multiple myeloma. A causal association between exposure to benzene and an increased risk of leukemia is well-established, as well as a suggested risk of lung and nasopharynx cancer in a Chinese cohort. Increased risks of various gastrointestinal cancers have been suggested following exposure to toluene. Two informative studies indicated an increased risk of lung cancer, not supported by other studies. Increased risks of lymphohematopoietic malignancies have been reported in some studies of persons exposed to toluene or xylene, but not in the two most informative studies on toluene. Occupation as a painter has consistently been associated with a 40 percent increased risk of lung cancer. (With the mixed exposures, however, it is not possible to identify the specific causative agent[s].) A large number of studies of workers exposed to styrene have evidenced no consistent excess risk of all lymphohematopoietic malignancies, although the most sensitive study suggested an excess risk of leukemia among workers with a high exposure.
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PMID:Organic solvents and cancer. 949 2

The hypothesis that exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases the risk of developing cancer during childhood was investigated. The authors enrolled 1,989 children reported to the Danish Cancer Registry with a diagnosis of leukemia, tumor of the central nervous system, or malignant lymphoma during 1968-1991 and 5,506 control children selected at random from the entire childhood population. The residential histories of the children were traced from 9 months before birth until the time of diagnosis of the cases and a similar period for the controls. For each of the 18,440 identified addresses, information on traffic and the configuration of streets and buildings was collected. Average concentrations of benzene and nitrogen dioxide (indicators of traffic-related air pollution) were calculated for the relevant period, and exposures to air pollution during pregnancy and during childhood were calculated separately. The risks of leukemia, central nervous system tumors, and all selected cancers combined were not linked to exposure to benzene or nitrogen dioxide during either period. The risk of lymphomas increased by 25% (p for trend = 0.06) and 51% (p for trend = 0.05) for a doubling of the concentration of benzene and nitrogen dioxide, respectively, during the pregnancy. The association was restricted to Hodgkin's disease.
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PMID:Air pollution from traffic at the residence of children with cancer. 1122 75

The cytogenetic study of bone marrow cells was performed in 40 patients with secondary leukemias which have arisen after application of cytostatic and/or radiotherapy for primary tumours (Hodgkin's disease, lymphomas, acute lymphoblastic leukemias, breast cancer and other solid tumours). The comparative analysis of results has shown, that the leukemias after irradiating or application of alkylating agents and irradiation, have the quite particular clinico-morphological and cytogenetic characteristics. In 70% of cases these diseases develops as smouldering leukemias with subsequent transformation in M-4, M-6, and rarely M-2 cytochemical variants. Primary cytogenetic events in 60% of researched karyotypes are the losses of long arms or whole chromosomes 5 and 7. In 20% of the researched cases normal karyotype was found, in the left 20%, the changes of a karyotype not including anomalies 5 and 7 chromosomes were detected. The obtained outcomes allow to consider the discharged complex of tags as reference for leukemias, induced by irradiating or chemical agents with similar mechanism of action (alkylating agents, benzene and its derivates). This complex of tags is typical for induced leukemias, and in a combination with definition of a level of stable aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes, can be utilised for abjection of radiation-induced leukemias from common mass of cases detected in regions, polluted by radionuclides. In this study in 60% of cases only specific for secondary leukemias chromosomal aberrations, including monosomy 5 and 7, rearrangements of 11q23 were found. On the base of the obtained data the differences in concepts of "secondary" and "induced" leukemias are considered.
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PMID:[Induced leukemias and their connection with radiation exposure]. 1253 Jan 58

Job-specific modules (JSMs) were used to collect information for expert retrospective exposure assessment in a community-based non-Hodgkins Lymphoma study in New South Wales, Australia. Using exposure assessment by a hygienist, artificial neural networks were developed to predict overall and intermittent benzene exposure among the module of tanker drivers. Even with a small data set (189 drivers), neural networks could assess benzene exposure with an average of 90% accuracy. By appropriate choice of cutoff (decision threshold), the neural networks could reliably reduce the expert's workload by approximately 60% by identifying negative JSMs. The use of artificial neural networks shows promise in future applications to occupational assessment by JSMs and expert assessment.
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PMID:Artificial neural networks and job-specific modules to assess occupational exposure. 1538 11

Epidemiological papers that address an association between benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) were identified and separated by study design. Eighteen studies contained 21 study groups-11 population-based case-control study groups, 3 nested occupation-based case-control study groups and 7 occupational benzene cohort study groups. Petroleum industry studies were not included. Only two of these 21 study groups showed statistically significant associations. However, these were among workers with multiple exposures across industries. Eleven of the 21 study groups presented ratios less than one, two equaled one, and eight were greater than one. Over all, about as many cases were observed (404) as expected (390.0) for an observed to expected ratio of 1.04 (0.94-1.14). After removal of the studies with multiple chemical exposures problems, the observed was 359 cases with 373.2 cases expected, yielding an odds ratio of 0.96 (0.86-1.06). Further assessment of an association with NHL should document the benzene exposure and separate out the contribution of non-benzene exposures.
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PMID:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and benzene exposure: a systematic literature review. 1588 79

The symposium overview describes the recent succession of scientific meetings to further understand the adverse effects of benzene. It reviews the epidemiological evidence for hematological changes including leukemias and non-Hodgkins lymphoma, the progress in molecular biology and mechanism of action as well as ongoing studies in these fields. Various national occupational and community exposure monitoring data show that there has been significant progress in reducing benzene exposures globally. Biomarkers and biomonitoring have been used to provide information on biological plausibility, mode of action and susceptibility, and in the discrimination of co-exposures. Current research should help to further clarify cell type specificity, relationship to exposure, and the molecular elements involved in mechanism.
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PMID:International symposium: Recent advances in benzene toxicity. 1593 95

The interest in the relationship between benzene exposure and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) appears to have been generated from a 1979 publication, which reported an increased risk of NHL among persons potentially exposed to benzene and/or coal tar fractions. More recently (1997), an increased risk of NHL was reported among 74,828 workers exposed to benzene and other chemicals in a variety of industries in China. On the contrary, no increased risk of NHL was reported in a cohort of 1,165 workers at two rubber hydrochloride plants in Ohio (US), who were exposed to extremely high levels of benzene and were found to have an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia. In another large cohort of some 7,676 US workers exposed to benzene, no increased risk of NHL was reported. Similarly, no increased risk of NHL was reported in a combined cohort of 308,199 petroleum workers in the US, the UK, Canada, Australia, Italy and Finland, who were exposed to benzene or benzene-containing petroleum products. The lack of an association between benzene exposure and NHL in cohort studies is supported by case-control studies from the US, Canada, Italy and the UK. To further investigate the relationship between benzene exposure and NHL, we are conducting a hospital-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. Cases are newly diagnosed NHL patients at 29 hospitals in Shanghai. For each case, two matched controls are selected among patients without any lymphatic or hematopoietic diseases at the same hospital. Demographic, employment, medical and lifestyle information is obtained through questionnaires (primary and secondary). Sources for benzene exposure information include a database of 50,000+ benzene measurements maintained by the Shanghai Municipal Institute of Public Health Supervision (IPHS), Shanghai District IPHS, walk-through surveys at factories, additional measurements at factories and reports in Chinese medical journals. Patient enrollment started in 2003 and it is estimated that the study will have 400-450 NHL cases by December 2006. Some of the occupations or industries reported among enrolled study subjects (cases and controls) with potential exposure to benzene include shoe workers, painters, mechanics or machinists, and printers. Some of the unique features of the study are discussed.
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PMID:Exposure to benzene and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, an epidemiologic overview and an ongoing case-control study in Shanghai. 1593 98

The hematopoietic system, due to intensive cells proliferation, is very sensitive to toxic substances. Many chemicals, including benzene, pesticides (dithiocarbamines), ethylene oxide and metals (mercury, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, lead, aluminum) exert their toxic effect on the hematopoietic system. Exposure to each of these substances may occur in the work place due to environmental pollution and in municipal or residential areas. Exposure to lead, aluminum, cadmium, and benzene results in the incidence of anemia. In addition, exposure to benzene and its metabolites leads to myelodysplastic syndromes, leukemia, lymphomas and bone marrow aplasia. Ethylene oxide induces neoplasm of the hematopoietic system and lymphomas, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Arsenic compounds act like immunosuppressants. Mercury and chrome affect the immune system by immunosuppression and by evoking autoimmune reactions. Dithiocarbamates are suspected to induce leukemia. An analysis of the pathophysiology of individual substances reveal universal toxic mechanisms. In this paper, the authors discuss the pathomechanism of toxic effects of the aforesaid chemicals on the haematopoietic system and peripheral blood cells from the viewpoint of mutagenesis, apoptosis, myelotoxicity, anemia, immunomodulation, and individual sensitivity.
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PMID:[Effect of metals, benzene, pesticides and ethylene oxide on the haematopoietic system]. 1621 39


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