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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The findings of the studies summarized in this report provide some understanding of the possible role of dosimetry in the different response of the rats and mice to benzene in the long-term bioassay studies. The more sensitive species, the mice, definitely has a higher capacity to metabolize benzene and to metabolize it to more of the putative toxic metabolites than do rats. A major finding of these studies is that in three different animal species, from mice to monkeys, the metabolic pathways leading to production of the putative toxic metabolites appear to be low-capacity, high-affinity pathways that are saturated at relatively low-exposure concentrations. This does not prove, but suggests, that the same may be true in humans. If the total formation of the putative toxic metabolites is predictive of the toxicity of benzene, then the animal studies suggest that calculations of the risk associated with low dose exposures based on the results of animal studies conducted at high doses would underestimate the toxicity of benzene. The current report concerns only dosimetry. Another problem in assessing the risk to humans from benzene exposure is the fact that the animal models do not respond to benzene in the same way as humans. The major concern for humans exposed to benzene, based on epidemiology studies, is the risk of developing acute myelogenous leukemia (Rinksy, 1987). The cancers developed by the rodents on the long-term bioassay studies were at other sites (liver, lung, Zymbal's gland, lymph tissue, ovaries, and mammary gland). There is as yet no good animal model for benzene-induced leukemia. However, it has been suggested that benzene may also increase the incidence of Hodgkin's disease, malignant lymphoma, multiple myeloma and lung cancer in humans, although a statistical basis for this is lacking (Askoy, 1985). It is not unreasonable to assume that whatever form of cancer is induced, the induction is most likely through the reactive metabolites produced from benzene. Therefore, the dosimetry of these metabolites is pertinent. Our studies indicate that benzene metabolite dosimetry data obtained in animals provides data relevant to the estimation of human risks.
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PMID:Benzene dosimetry in experimental animals: relevance for risk assessment. 162 Jul 20

The median latency of 2 degrees MDS/AL is 4 to 5 years. A high percentage of patients with 2 degrees MDS/AL convert to 2 degrees AL. Survival of either is less than 1 year. A constellation of morphologic abnormalities from all 3 cell lines produces a unique appearance. Both 2 degrees MDS and 2 degrees AL are difficult to classify by the FAB system. With the exception of the identification of karyotypic abnormalities, the biology of 2 degrees MDS/AL remains largely unexplored. Alterations of chromosomes 5 and 7 predominate, but other associated cytogenetic abnormalities are being increasingly recognized. A synthesis of data regarding 2 degrees MDS/AL resulting from the treatment of several primary malignancies generates the tentative conclusions that (a) many of the alkylating agents, and the nonclassic alkylating agent procarbazine, are leukemogens; (b) melphalan is a more potent leukemogen than cyclophosphamide. None of the other alkylating agents has been clearly established to be more or less potent than another; (c) increasing duration or amount of alkylator-based chemotherapy increases the risk of leukemogenesis; (d) low doses of radiation delivered to large volumes of bone marrow are weakly leukemogenic. High doses of radiation delivered to small volumes are not. Due to the latter, there is minimal additive risk for 2 degrees MDS/AL among studies using alkylator-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy, either concurrently or sequentially; (e) the older patient (greater than 40) is at increased risk for 2 degrees MDS/AL, at least in Hodgkin's disease. Children may be at lesser risk than adults, and younger children at lesser risk than older children; (f) the risk of 2 degrees MDS/AL peaks within the first decade after treatment for the primary malignancy. The incidence rates during the second decade are low. Identified occupational/environmental risks for 2 degrees MDS/AL include benzene, ambient and diagnostic radiation exposure, and perhaps ethylene oxide. The similarities in karyotype abnormalities among leukemic cells of those whose occupations expose them to chemical hazard, and those who are exposed to cytotoxic agents, suggest that many more environmental leukemogens have yet to be discovered. Karyotype is an important prognostic factor for both achievement of CR and for survival. Nonaggressive treatment approaches have not proven useful, although the use of hematopoietic growth factors offers promise in this area. Combination chemotherapy is justified in patients with adequate performance statuses and "favorable" karyotypes. Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is currently the only curative approach, and can be applied without attempts to first reduce the leukemic burden.
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PMID:Leukemias and myelodysplastic syndromes secondary to drug, radiation, and environmental exposure. 173 70

Exposures to organic solvents (including benzene), ionizing radiation and low frequency electromagnetic fields have been suggested as risk factors for leukemias in adults. Exposure to herbicides of the phenoxyacid variety (2, 4, 5-T; 2, 4-D) has been reported to be associated with an increased risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In addition several studies have suggested that agricultural workers have an excess risk of hematolymphopoietic malignancies, although no specific agent has yet been identified. Italy is particularly attractive for investigating further these associations, because: a) there is a high prevalence of exposure to solvents in industrial areas (estimated to be 10-16% in the province of Torino, Varese and Florence), and a high prevalence of exposure to herbicides (including phenoxyacides) in agricultural areas; b) there is also considerable extra-occupational exposure to solvents and pesticides; c) competent groups of hematologists exist in several towns, using advanced diagnostic techniques including cytogenetics. We propose therefore to conduct a multicenter population-based case-control study in 11 italian areas, chosen on the basis of a high exposure prevalence. In three years, we intend to interview approximately 1100 cases of leukemia, 1900 cases of lymphoma (Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin) and 400 cases of myeloma; 1900 randomly selected individuals, residents of the same areas, will serve as a population control group. Cases will be all those occurring in the study period among residents of the 11 areas, newly diagnosed. Particular care will be dedicated to diagnostic aspects, including B- and T- cell characterization. Cases and controls will be blindly interviewed by trained personnel.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Italian multicentre case-control study of hematolymphopoietic malignancies. 210 Jul 66

The relationship between occupation and exposure to a number of occupational agents and lymphoid neoplasms was investigated in a case-control study of 69 cases of Hodgkin's disease, 153 non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, 110 multiple myelomas and 396 controls admitted for acute diseases to a network of teaching and general hospitals in the greater Milan area. Among the cases, there was a significant excess of individuals ever occupied in agriculture and food processing: the multivariate relative risks (RR) were 2.1 (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.0-3.8) for Hodgkin's disease, 1.9 (95% CI = 1.2-3.0) for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and 2.0 (95% CI = 1.1-3.5) for multiple myeloma. Significant trends for duration of exposure to herbicides were observed for lymphomas, but the association was stronger for overall occupation in agriculture than with the specific question of herbicide use. History of occupation in the chemical industry was more frequent among Hodgkin's disease (RR = 4.3, 95% CI = 1.4-10.2), and a significant trend in risk was observed between duration of exposure to benzene and other solvents and multiple myeloma. No significant relation was found between any of the lymphoid neoplasms considered and rubber, dye, painting, printing, tanning leather, photography, pharmaceuticals, wood, coal/gas and nuclear industries.
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PMID:Occupation and lymphoid neoplasms. 278 47

Results of epidemiologic studies indicating an association between solvent exposure and the development of malignancies affecting haematopoietic and lymphatic tissues are reviewed. Clinical and cytogenetic data supporting this association are discussed. A variety of malignant disorders have been associated with solvent exposure, i.e. acute leukaemia, Hodgkin's disease (odds ratio 2.8-6.6), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (odds ratio 3.3) and myeloma, and there are some indications that solvent exposure may be a risk factor for myelofibrosis. The carcinogenic effect of benzene is epidemiologically and experimentally well documented and there are some indications that other solvents may also be hazardous. Possible mechanisms bringing about malignant transformation are discussed. The need for further epidemiologic, cytogenetic and clinical studies on the association between solvent exposure and malignant diseases is emphasised.
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PMID:Leukaemia and lymphoma risks derived from solvents. 332 82

A proportionate analysis of cause of death in 1,401 commercial pressmen was initiated following a report of a cancer cluster in this group. The study found a significant elevated risk of all cancers [proportionate mortality ratio (PMR) = 127] and cancers of the lymphatic and hematopoietic system (PMR = 122), with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas responsible for much of the excess. Three deaths in the cohort were attributed to myelofibrosis, a rare disease associated with benzene exposure. A significantly elevated PMR was also detected for colorectal cancer (PMR = 171) and, among those employed 20 years or more, for cancers of the liver (PMR = 216) and pancreas (PMR = 162). No excess risk of bladder or lung cancer or leukemia was seen. Proportionate mortality analyses rarely show excess risk of both cancer and heart disease in a working population. Surprisingly, a significantly elevated risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease (PMR = 113) was found in this group. These findings indicate that solvent exposure may be associated with excess mortality risk in commercial pressmen.
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PMID:Patterns of mortality among commercial pressmen. 345 42

The cohort (7676) of this historical prospective study consisted of a group of male chemical workers from seven plants who had been occupationally exposed (continuously or intermittently) to benzene for at least six months and a comparison group of male chemical workers from the same plants who had been employed for at least six months during the same period but were never occupationally exposed to benzene. The observed mortality of the cohort, by cause, was compared with the expected based on the US mortality rates, standardised for age, race, sex, and calendar time. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) from all lymphatic and haematopoietic (lymphopoietic) cancer combined, leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (lymphosarcoma, reticulosarcoma, and other lymphoma), and non-Hodgkin's lymphopoietic cancer (non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukaemia) for the exposed group were slightly, but not significantly, raised above the national norm. These SMRs were considerably higher than those in the comparison group. When the group with no occupational exposure was used for direct comparison, the continuously exposed group experienced a relative risk from lymphopoietic cancer of 3.20 (p less than 0.05). Furthermore, the Mantel-Haenszel chi-square showed that the association between continuous exposure to benzene and leukaemia was statistically significant (p less than 0.05).
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PMID:An industry wide mortality study of chemical workers occupationally exposed to benzene. I. General results. 360 66

The data presented in this paper show statistically significant dose response relations between cumulative exposure to benzene (ppm-months) and mortality from both all lymphopoietic cancer combined and leukaemia. Chemical workers with a cumulative exposure to benzene of at least 720 ppm-months experienced a relative risk of 3.93 for lymphatic and haematopoietic cancer when compared with workers with no occupational exposure. The dose response relation between cumulative exposure and non-Hodgkin's lymphopoietic cancer was of borderline statistical significance (p = 0.06). No dose response relation was detected for any other causes of death.
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PMID:An industry wide mortality study of chemical workers occupationally exposed to benzene. II. Dose response analyses. 360 67

7 cases of multiple myeloma with a history of exposure to benzene, radioactive iodine, chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease and of repeated injections of autovaccine to Staphylococcus albus hemolyticus are described. The relationship between the development of multiple myeloma and possible etiologic factors is discussed.
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PMID:Clinical observations showing the role of some factors in the etiology of multiple myeloma. A study in 7 patients. 642 Oct 49

In order to discuss the hypothesized existence of occupational risk factors in the etiology of Hodgkin's disease (HD), the available literature data are reviewed. The occupations most often considered to be at increased risk of the disease are woodworking, school teaching, hospital occupations and occupations entailing exposure to chemicals. The association between HD and employment in wood industry suggest that exposure to unknown occupational factors may play a role as etiologic agent in this disease. A number of chemical substances that are regularly used may be suspected as causative factors. There are many discrepancies among the results of the studies on the association between school teaching and HD. To date no certain conclusion may be drawn from the presented data. However it has been suggested that the reported excess risk for HD among teachers may be explicable by social class gradient for the disease. The existence of risk factors other than viral may explain the excess risk among physicians and nurses. Because of the characteristics of some highly reactive chemicals their etiologic role may not be underestimated. An association between HD and occupations entailing exposure to various chemicals (organic solvents, benzene, phenoxy acids, chlorophenols) was shown; however no definitive conclusion may be drawn. There are increasing findings that point out the importance of the association between some occupations and development of HD. In spite of the evidence of a link between exposure to various chemicals and HD, there is a clear need to evaluate dose-response relationship between specific type and amount of chemicals and the disease, in order to provide some of the answer we need about the etiology of HD.
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PMID:[Hodgkin's disease and occupation]. 654 6


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