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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The recently proposed World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissues is based on the principles of the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms introduced in 1994. Use of these classifications implies a new approach to lymphoma diagnosis, especially because of the inclusion of clinical data among which the site of involvement (nodal v extranodal) is very important. Recent technical advances allowing molecular biological investigations on the single cell level helped gain new insights into the cellular origin of B-cell lymphomas. Tumor cells of the majority of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL) harbor somatically mutated immunoglobulin variable region genes, and are therefore derived from germinal center B cells or their descendants. The same is true for Hodgkin's disease, which (at least in the majority of cases) is a germinal center derived B-cell lymphoma. Significant news on the molecular pathogenesis of NHL include the prognostically relevant dichotomy of B-CLL, the involvement of translocations affecting 3q27 in 20% to 40% of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL), the prognostical implication of the t(2;5) in anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and detection of the t(11;18) in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)-type lymphoma. A major step forward with regard to gastric MALT-type lymphoma therapy was the discovery of a causal relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and lymphomagenesis. Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy remains the golden standard for DLBCL treatment.
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PMID:New developments in extracutaneous lymphomas. 1089 18

Neoplasms of the liver may arise from any cell type within the liver parenchyma. Hepatocellular carcinoma is by far the most common primary malignant tumour of the liver in adults. Indeed, it is one of the most common tumours in the world with striking geographic differences. These incidence rates can be explained by differences in Hepatitis-Virus carrier rates which they closely reflect. Nearly 10% of malignant liver tumors are represented by cholangiocarcinoma which originates from small intrahepatic bile ducts. Hepatoblastoma accounts for approximately 5% of malignancies in childhood. Most hepatoblastomas fall into epithelial or mixed epithelial and mesenchymal categories. Fetal-type cells and embryonal-type cells represent the epithelial components. Rare primary malignant non-epithelial tumours are angiosarcomas, leiomyosarcomas or fibrosarcomas, arising from vascular or mesenchymal components of the liver respectively. All types of Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas may secondarily involve the liver. Most primary hepatic lymphomas are of diffuse large B-cell type and are extremely rare.
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PMID:[Pathology of liver tumors]. 1096 Sep 66

We describe a patient with leukopenic T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/prolymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL/PLL), according to the Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms. This patient simultaneously developed classic Hodgkin's disease (HD), a combination previously unreported. The leukemic cells were small and mature, did not have cytoplasmic granulation, and appeared similar to B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Immunophenotyping of the bone marrow-infiltrating cells revealed a postthymic suppressor/cytotoxic phenotype of CD2+, CD3+, CD4, CD5+, CD8+, CD25-, TCR-alpha beta. A lymph node biopsy showed the histological features of HD (mixed cellularity) with infiltrating CD8+ lymphocytes, and immunohistochemical examination revealed the following phenotype of Reed-Sternberg cells: LeuM1/CD15+, BerH2/CD30+, L26/PanB-, UCHL-1/CD45RO-, cyCD3-, CD4, CD8-, CD20-, CD79a-, EMA-, EBER-1+, LMP-1+. Southern blot analysis of the bone marrow and lymph node revealed the same rearrangement of bands of T-cell-receptor genes. Although the HD was treated with chemotherapy that resulted in complete remission, the T-PLL/CLL took an indolent course. This case may suggest the existence of a subtype of T-CLL/PLL with leukopenia and an indolent clinical course. Both diseases were believed to be independent and not a transformation of one to the other.
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PMID:Concurrent Hodgkin's disease (mixed cellularity type) and T-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/prolymphocytic leukemia. 1137 37

Classifications of lymphomas and leukemias have developed from two distinct clinical needs - to understand the natural history of these diseases in order to predict outcome and to make treatment decisions in a rational fashion. The utility of classifications for research on etiology of these diseases has not guided their development in the past. The classification of leukemias and lymphomas has undergone dramatic changes with increasing understanding of the development of the normal immune cells. Historically, the first entity to be recognised was Hodgkin disease. Other malignancies of the lymphatic system were then called 'Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas' (NHL), a distinction that remains valid even today. Cancers that tend not to form distinct masses but usually present with a raised white blood cell count were called leukemias. As knowledge has improved, however, the early juxtaposition of leukemias versus lymphomas has lost relevance, since often the same entity can present in either way. With better understanding the terms 'lymphosarcoma' and 'reticulosarcoma', which were earlier widely applied have been replaced by more precise terminology. Different classifications have been put forward over the years. The 'Revised European and American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms' and the derived WHO classification are structured to mirror normal B/T-cell differentiation. In these modern classifications, distinct disease entities are defined based on the combination of morphology, immunological and molecular techniques and clinical features. The proposed major groups of lymphoid neoplasms are B-cell lymphomas/leukemias, T/Natural Killer-cell lymphomas/leukemias and Hodgkin disease. About 20 entities are recognised. This provides for the first time a truly international view of lymphomas and leukemias. It has emerged that such a classification can be used successfully by expert hematopathologists and yields highly reproducible results. It is also clear that no single marker, be it morphology, genetic analysis or immunophenotyping can be used as the 'gold standard' for diagnosis but that a combination of techniques is needed.
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PMID:The classification of lymphomas and leukemias. 1139 19

The Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) classification has been validated by a multi-institutional study, and project data showed that it is both reproducible and clinically relevant. The new World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Neoplastic Diseases of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, as a joint project of the Society of Hematopathology and European Association of Hematopathologists, is an update of the REAL classification, with minor changes based on newly available information. We analyzed the incidence of different histological types of non-Hodgkin s lymphomas diagnosed in Zagreb University Hospital Center, which were reclassified according to the WHO classification. Furthermore, we present a conceptual grouping of lymphomas into four categories (indolent, aggressive, highly aggressive, and localized indolent).
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PMID:The World Health Organization classification of lymphomas. 1240 90

The principles of the new WHO classification of haematopoietic and lymphoid tumours are based on those defined in the Revised European American classification of Lymphoid neoplasms (REAL), published by the International Lymphoma Study Group (ILSG) in 1994. Thus, the new WHO classification may be considered an updated version of the REAL classification rather than of the old WHO classification published in 1976. Disease entities are defined on the basis of morphological, phenotypic, genotypic, and clinical data. The relative impact of these characteristics varies among different diseases and there is "no gold standard". Thus, the strict hierarchy among diagnostic criteria, headed by morphology and followed by immunohistochemistry and genetics, has been discontinued. The WHO classification not only encompasses lymphoid tumours but extends to myeloid, mast cell and histiocytic/dendritic cell malignancies. Neoplasms are primarily stratified according to their tumour cell lineage. For each neoplasm a cell of origin is postulated. The classification of lymphoid malignancies recognises three major categories, B-cell neoplasms, T-/NK-cell neoplasms, and Hodgkin lymphomas. B-cell and T-cell lymphomas are further divided into precursor neoplasms and mature neoplasms, the latter being subdivided according to their clinical manifestation into disseminated/leukaemic, extranodal and nodal malignancies. In contrast to previous classifications, the neoplasms are grouped neither according to their histological grade (Kiel classification) nor according to their clinical aggressiveness (International Working Formulation). However, the histological grade is considered a prognostic factor which enters into the description of each disease entity. Hodgkin's disease, now more appropriately termed Hodgkin lymphoma, comprises nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin lymphoma and classical Hodgkin lymphomas of nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte-depleted and lymphocyte-rich subtype. For practical purposes this minireview disregards the description of myeloid, macrophage/histiocytic, dendritic cell and mast cell disorders. Furthermore, the present paper is restricted to those lymphoid tumours that are not already identically described in the REAL classification, in order to focus on what is really new in the WHO classification.
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PMID:Who is WHO and what was REAL? 1258 44

The parapharyngeal space (PPS) is a well-defined anatomic zone of loose connective tissue lying deep to the tonsil and lateral to the pharynx. Neoplasms arising within the PPS are rare. We retrospectively reviewed 24 PPS fine-needle aspirations (FNAs) performed at The Johns Hopkins Hospital over the past 16 years (1987-2002). Patients presented with neck pain, dysphagia, and/or intraoral swelling of varying duration. Radiographic imaging disclosed PPS masses, varying in size from 2.5 to 8 cm. The most common clinicoradiographic suspicion was a nerve sheath tumor. Six cases had FNA performed using a 23-gauge needle via a transoral approach in the outpatient suite whereas the remainder were aspirated via a 22-gauge Franseen needle under CT guidance. Six of 24 cases (25%) were nondiagnostic due to lack of adequate cellular material. Of the 18 cases considered diagnostic, there were nine (50%) pleomorphic adenomas (PAs); three (17%) squamous-cell carcinomas (SCC); and one each of oncocytoma, adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified (NOS), adenoid cystic carcinoma, lipoma, neurofibroma, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, together comprising the remaining 33%. Four of the six cases deemed nondiagnostic (consisting predominantly of blood) on subsequent tissue follow-up revealed paraganglioma (two cases), SCC (one case), and schwannoma (one case). PPS is an uncommon target of an FNA procedure. PPS masses represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms of which PA appears most common, representing 50% of our diagnostic cases. The rate of nondiagnostic FNA samples is moderately high due to excessive bleeding encountered in this location and other technical problems relating to adequately targeting the lesion in close vicinity of major neck vessels.
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PMID:"Parapharyngeal space" tumors: a cytopathological study of 24 cases on fine-needle aspiration. 1635 79

In 2004, new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the United States were estimated at 54,370, representing 4% of all cancers and resulting 4% of all cancer deaths, and new cases of Hodgkin's lymphoma were estimated at 7,880. The appropriate staging and management of lymphomas greatly depend on an accurate pathological diagnosis and classification. The recently established Revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL) and the subsequently adopted and updated World Health Organization (WHO) classification include modern cytogenetic, molecular, and immunologic techniques and knowledge and reach an international consensus on the classification of lymphomas. This classification scheme represents an advance in our understanding of lymphomas and serves as an operative guideline for studying and diagnosing lymphomas. Imaging techniques always have served as staging and monitoring tools for the clinical management of lymphomas. The understanding and adoption of the current classification system is important in refining the role of imaging modalities in the management of specific lymphoma. To help one understand the current classification, this current review gives a brief history of lymphoma classifications and summaries the recent classification schemes, including new entities, clinical staging methods, and clinical prognostic criteria.
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PMID:Staging and classification of lymphoma. 1609 89

The present study investigated whether the expression of cellular Fas-associated death domain-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE) inhibitory protein (cFLIP) conveys prognostic information in non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs). cFLIP expression was quantified by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence in biopsy specimens from 86 NHL patients for whom clinical information was available. NHL malignancy was graded as high/intermediate or low according to the World Health Organization Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms. cFLIP was positive in 23 of 45 high-/intermediate-grade NHLs and in 25 of 41 low-grade NHLs. Negative expression of cFLIP was associated with the presence of apoptotic cells in the tumour mass, regardless of the histotype and of the malignancy grade. In NHLs positive for cFLIP, 11 of 23 (48%) high-/intermediate-grade cases and 18 of 25 (72%) low-grade cases showed a bad outcome. In NHLs negative for cFLIP, only four of 22 (18%) high-/intermediate-grade patients and 12 of 16 (75%) low-grade patients achieved complete remission. All these correlations were statistically significant. The correlation of cFLIP expression with clinical outcome was independent of therapy, whether or not it included anti-CD20 antibody (Rituximab). The present findings strongly indicate that cFLIP is a reliable predictor of tumour progression and clinical prognosis in NHLs of low grade of malignancy.
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PMID:cFLIP expression correlates with tumour progression and patient outcome in non-Hodgkin lymphomas of low grade of malignancy. 1644 28

Mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is a locally highly aggressive tumour which was first described in the early 1980s. The incidence is about 2-3% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The conceptional evolution of this lymphoma entity was hampered by its low incidence and the broad spectrum of morphological variants present. However, since mediastinal B-cell lymphoma has distinct morphological, immunological, genetic, and clinical features, it has been listed in the revised European-American Classification of Lymphoid Neoplasms (REAL-Classification) since 1994 as a variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. In the World Health Organization classification of malignant lymphomas, mediastinal B-cell lymphoma is now listed with an own disease code (ICD-9679/3).
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PMID:[Mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma]. 1719 39


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