Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The majority of cancers affecting HIV-infected subjects are those established as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and invasive cervical cancer (ICC). However, other types of cancer, such as Hodgkin's disease (HD), anal cancer, lung cancer and testicular germ cell tumors appear to be more common among HIV-infected subjects compared to the general population. While not classified as AIDS-defining, these malignancies have been referred to as AIDS-associated malignancies. The mechanisms by which depressed immunity could increase the risk for cancer are unclear, except for in KS and most subtypes of NHL, where it is strictly associated with a low CD4 count. Although it remains unclear whether HIV-1 acts directly as an oncogenic agent, it may contribute to the development of malignancies through several mechanisms (e.g., infection by oncogenic viruses, impaired immune surveillance, imbalance between cellular proliferation and differentiation). Studies of the effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the incidence and progression of HIV/AIDS-associated cancers provided contrasting data. While a significant decrease in the incidence of KS has been observed, HAART has not had a significant impact on NHL incidence, particularly systemic NHL, or on ICC, HD, anal cancers and other non-AIDS-defining cancers. Regardless of whether these cancers are directly related to HIV-induced immunodeficiency, treating cancer in HIV-infected patients remains a challenge because of drug interactions, compounded side effects, and the potential effect of chemotherapy on CD4 count and HIV-1 viral load. A better knowledge of viral mechanisms of immune evasion and manipulation will provide the basis for a better management and treatment of the malignancies associated with chronic viral infections.
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PMID:HIV infection and cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (Review). 1739 54

HIV infected subjects are at increased risk of developing cancer and the risk seems to be directly associated with the level of immunodeficiency. Kaposi's sarcoma, Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (ARL) and invasive cervical cancer are the most common AIDS-defining malignancies. HAART widely used since 1996 changed the natural process of HIV infection by aggressively suppressing viral replication and progress of HIV disease. It significantly reduced the incidence of AIDS associated events and deaths and even changed treatment regimens ofAIDS associated cancers. With the immune restoration afforded by HAART, patients better responded to cancer treatment. There are data demonstrating that HAART regimens alone lead to remission of Kaposi's sarcoma. HAART allows the use of standard-dose chemotherapies for NON-Hodgkin lymphoma in HIV infected pacients and same treatment regimen for invasive cervical cancer in infected patients as non-infected patients.
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PMID:[AIDS associated cancers in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)]. 1806 90

Fibrosarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of fibroblasts that rarely affects the oral cavity and can cause local recurrences or metastasis. Fibrosarcomas account for 15% of all soft tissue sarcomas, which represent only 1% of all malignant tumors of the head and neck region. The clinical behavior of the fibrosarcoma is characterized by a high local recurrence rate, and low incidence of loco regional lymph node and/or distant hematogenous metastasis. The etiology for fibrosarcoma has no definite cause but is thought to occur from preexisting lesions or in previously irradiated areas of bone lesions. Immunosuppression associated with HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been consistently linked to various cancers, including Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and invasive cervical cancer. Rare neoplasms like Hodgkin's disease, anal cancer, leukemia, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma have also been demonstrated. This paper presents one such a rare incidence of an intraosseous fibrosarcoma occurring in an HIV-positive patient.
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PMID:Intraosseous fibrosarcoma of maxilla in an HIV patient. 2220 47

The natural history of HIV infection has been greatly changed by the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). As a consequence of improved immune function, the incidence of AIDS-defining cancers (ADCs), such as Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and invasive cervical cancer, has significantly declined. On the contrary, non-AIDS-defining cancers (NADCs), such as hepatocellular carcinoma, anal cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer and Hodgkin's lymphoma, have gradually emerged as a major fraction of the overall cancer burden. The reasons are still partially unknown. Some of the increased risk may be explained by a high prevalence of cancer risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and HCV infection among HIV-infected people. The role of immunosuppression in the development of NADCs is controversial, as several studies have not found a clear-cut evidence of an association between the degree of immunosuppression and the development of NADCs. Analogously, the impact of HAART is still not well defined. Future research should focus on the etiology of NADCs, in order to shed light on the pathogenesis of cancer and ultimately to work for prevention; moreover, additional studies should evaluate the best therapeutic approaches to NADCs and the impact of cancer screening interventions among HIV-infected people, in an effort to diagnose cancer at an earlier stage.
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PMID:Non-AIDS-defining cancers among HIV-infected people. 2310 54

HIV infection is related to an increased risk of cancer compared with general population, both AIDS-defining cancers (Kaposi's sarcoma, non Hodgkin's lymphoma, invasive cervical cancer) and non-AIDS-defining cancers. Although the advent of the highly active antiretroviral therapy era has decreased the Kaposi's sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma incidences, non-AIDS-defining malignancies, such as lung cancer, hepatocarcinoma, anal cancer and skin cancers, remain a major cause of morbidity and death in the HIV-infected population. The clinical presentation is often different between the infected and non-infected populations, often with a more advanced stage at diagnosis, a more aggressive pathology, and associated morbidities like immunosuppression, leading to poorer outcomes. Numerous studies have focused on HIV-related malignancies' treatment, however specific guidelines are still missing. Practitioners have to be careful with interactions between antiretroviral and antineoplastic drugs, particularly through the cytochrome P 450. Because of this, a national multidisciplinary approach, "Cancer and HIV, " was started in 2013 thanks to the National Institute of Cancer (INCa). The aim of this review is to present a scientific update about AIDS-and non-AIDS-defining malignancies, both in their clinical aspects and regarding their specific therapeutic management.
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PMID:[HIV-related malignancies: state of art]. 2541 94

Care of patients with HIV infection starts with diagnosis as soon as possible, preferably at or near the time of acute infection. Opportunistic infections, malignancies, and other conditions develop progressively over time, particularly in untreated patients. The AIDS-defining opportunistic infections most common in the United States include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, Candida esophagitis, toxoplasmic encephalitis, tuberculosis, disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex, cryptococcal meningitis, and cytomegalovirus retinitis. Specific prophylaxis regimens exist for several opportunistic infections, and effective antiretroviral therapy reduces the risk of most others. Other AIDS-defining conditions include wasting syndrome and HIV encephalopathy. AIDS-defining malignancies include Kaposi sarcoma, systemic non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and invasive cervical cancer. Although not an AIDS-defining condition, anal cancer is common in patients with HIV infection. Other HIV-related conditions include thrombocytopenia, recurrent bacterial respiratory infections, HIV-associated nephropathy, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder.
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PMID:Care of Patients With HIV Infection: Medical Complications and Comorbidities. 2709 63

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1995 had a dramatic impact on the morbidity and mortality of the HIV population, and subsequently, the natural history of cancer has changed. The purpose of our study was to review the prevalence of AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC), taking into consideration racial and gender variations. After the institutional review board approval, the study was conducted as a retrospective chart review of 279 HIV-infected patients who were treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. The demographic characteristics included gender, ethnicity, race, presence or absence of ART, and the type of malignancy reviewed. Of 233 men, 78 (33.5%) had AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was detected in 49 (21%) patients and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in 29 (12%) patients. Two-thirds of male patients had NADC, with anal cancer being the most prevalent (8.5%), followed by Hodgkin lymphoma (6%). AIDS-related NHL was also the predominant malignancy for women with a prevalence of 19.5% followed by invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and breast cancer, both with a similar prevalence of 11%. Kaposi sarcoma and anal cancer were equally detected in 2% of women. The prevalence rates of AIDS-defining malignancies among those of white race were 34%, ranging from 21% for NHL to 13% for KS and 1.5% for ICC. Twenty-one (7.7%) patients had anal cancer. AIDS-defining malignancies were found in 36% of patients of black race and 60% had NHL. Non-AIDS-related NHL was the second most common malignancy, followed by breast cancer and anal cancer with a similar prevalence of 6.5%. Of 279 patients, 53% were taking ART; 39.4% were not taking ART; and in 7.5% of the patients, it was unknown if they were taking ART. In the ART era, our study found NADC to be more prevalent than AIDS-defining malignancies with 60% versus 40%, respectively. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma remained the most common AIDS-related malignancy in both genders. Among the patients with NADC, anal cancer was the predominant malignancy. The increasing incidence of some of the NADC is expected as this population is living longer with chronic exposure of viral replication of virus with oncogenic potential such as Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Early ART initiation, aggressive vaccination, and judicious cancer screening are the cornerstone of cancer prevention of this growing population.
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PMID:Malignancy Trends in HIV-Infected Patients Over the Past 10 Years in a Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study in the United States. 3018 62


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