Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From the Third National Cancer Survey (TNCS) Interview Study of 7,518 incident cases, lifetime histories of occupations and industries were studied for associations with specific cancer sites and types while controlling for age, sex, race, education, use of cigarettes or alcohol, and geographic location. Lung cancer patients were found more often than expected among several categories including trucking, air transportation, wholesaling, painting, building construction, building maintenance, and manufacturing (furniture, transportation equipment, and food products). Controlling for cigarette smoking did not change these associations. Leukemia and multiple myeloma were associated with sales personnel of both sexes, whereas lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease were excessive among women working in the medical industry. Other associations included rectal cancer with several retail industries; prostate cancer with ministers, farmers, plumbers, and coal miners; malignant melanoma with school teachers; and invasive cervical cancer with women working in hotels and restaurants. Breast cancer patients were more common among women who were teachers or other professionals and who worked in business and finance (even after controlling for education). Many other findings are presented in detailed tables. Results are reported mainly as a research resource for use by other investigators doing work in this field. Suggestions are given for future studies.
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PMID:Associations of cancer site and type with occupation and industry from the Third National Cancer Survey Interview. 90 93

The incidence of various cancers, especially non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), is higher among patients who receive azathioprine for immunosuppression after organ transplants than in the general population. We have studied the risk of neoplasia after azathioprine in 755 patients treated for inflammatory bowel disease. The patients received 2 mg/kg daily for a median of 12.5 months (range 2 days to 15 years) between 1962 and 1991; median follow-up was 9 years (range 2 weeks to 29 years). Overall there was no significant excess of cancer: 31 azathioprine-treated patients developed cancer before age 85 compared with 24.3 expected from rates in the general population (observed/expected ratio 1.27, p = 0.186). There was a difference in the frequency of colorectal (13) and anal (2) carcinomas (expected 2.27; ratio 6.7, p = 0.00001); these tumours are recognised complications of chronic inflammatory bowel disease. There were 2 cases of invasive cervical cancer (expected 0.5), but no case of NHL. Among patients with extensive chronic ulcerative colitis there was no difference in cancer frequency between 86 who had received azathioprine and 180 matched patients who had never received it. Thus, azathioprine treatment does not substantially increase the risk of cancer in inflammatory bowel disease.
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PMID:Long-term neoplasia risk after azathioprine treatment in inflammatory bowel disease. 791 Feb 74

Immunosuppression resulting from HIV infection does not explain the unique distribution of Kaposi's sarcoma across risk groups. A majority of cases occur among homosexual men, particularly those with oral-anal contact, those with sexual contacts in high-risk cities, and those frequently use nitrite inhalants, suggesting a currently unidentified etiologic cofactor. Risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among HIV-infected persons continues to increase over time. Because all HIV-infected groups are at high risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, environmental cofactors may be less important in the disease's etiology. Because data on risk factors for AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are limited, further studies are needed. Cohort studies suggested that the risk of Hodgkin's disease is greater among HIV-infected persons; however, the number of cases reported has been small. Hodgkin's disease occurring among HIV-infected persons is more aggressive than and differs in presentation from that among noninfected persons. The addition of invasive cervical cancer to the US Centers for Disease Control definition of AIDS is based on data showing that HIV-infected women have a high prevalence of cervical disease. Although no conclusions can yet be drawn regarding the temporal relationship of cervical disease and HIV infection, there is evidence of a direct relationship between the degree of HIV-induced immunosuppression and the extent of cervical disease. Other cancers are being diagnosed among AIDS patients, and monitoring of the risk of solid tumors among various cohorts of high-risk and HIV-infected persons continues.
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PMID:The epidemiology of AIDS-related malignancies. 821 94

Immunodeficiency, be it congenital, therapeutic, or infectious in origin, increases the risk of certain, but not all, types of cancer. A common feature of these cancers is that specific infectious agents appear to be important in their etiology, not only in immunodeficient subjects but also in the general population. People with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are at an increased risk of Kaposi's sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, squamous cell carcinoma of the conjunctiva, and childhood leiomyosarcoma. It is striking that most of these cancers have been associated with specific human herpesvirus (HHV) infections: HHV-8 with Kaposi's sarcoma and the closely related Epstein-Barr virus with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and possibly also with childhood leiomyosarcoma. Moreover, similar associations between these viruses and cancer have been found, albeit inconsistently, in people who are not immunosuppressed. Further research is needed to establish whether the risk of other cancers is also increased in people with AIDS, although, if so, the cancers are likely to be rare or to have comparatively small associated relative risks. Existing evidence suggests that there may be no marked increase in the risk of two common cancers that are known to be caused by infectious agents--hepatocellular carcinoma and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The apparent lack of an increase in invasive cervical cancer is unexpected and needs further investigation, especially since the prevalence of cervical infection with human papillomaviruses and of low-grade preneoplastic changes in the cervical epithelium is increased in women with AIDS. With the prospect of improved survival in people with AIDS, the effect of immunosuppression on cancer is likely to become an increasingly important issue.
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PMID:Overview of the epidemiology of immunodeficiency-associated cancers. 970 94

In the US over one million persons are currently infected with the HIV, over half a million have had AIDS, and over 300,000 have died from AIDS. Worldwide, it is estimated that more than 17 million people are currently infected with HIV, and over 1,200,000 cases of AIDS have been reported to the World Health Organization. By some estimates, up to 40% of patients with AIDS will ultimately develop some form of cancer. Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma and invasive cervical cancer have a higher incidence in persons with HIV infection and all three are AIDS-defining illnesses. In addition, several reports suggest that a number of other malignancies may occur at an increased incidence in persons with HIV infection, including squamous-cell carcinoma of the head, neck and anus, plasmacytoma, melanoma, small-cell lung cancer, basal-cell cancer, and germ-cell tumours. Clinicians should become familiar with HIV-related malignancies as their incidence is expected to further increase as more effective therapies for HIV and associated opportunistic infections allow patients to live longer in an advanced state of immunodeficiency. In the current article, we will review the clinical and therapeutic aspects of the most common AIDS-related malignancies including non-Hodgkin's and Hodgkin's lymphomas, Kaposi's sarcoma and anogenital epithelial neoplasias.
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PMID:AIDS-related malignancies. 978 31

We examined incidence trends in seven HIV-associated cancers (Kaposi's sarcoma [KS], invasive cervical cancer, immunoblastic lymphoma, primary brain lymphoma [PBL], Burkitt's lymphoma, other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and Hodgkin's lymphoma) and the effects of antiretroviral therapy on these trends. Data were abstracted from medical records in 89 hospitals and clinics in nine U.S. cities from January 1994 through June 1997. The stratified Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel statistic was used to test for trend. There were 19,684 HIV-infected persons representing 26,638 years of follow-up. Decreases in incidence per 1000 person-years were observed for KS (January through June 1994, 49.9; January through June 1997, 25.7; p = .001) and PBL (January through June 1994, 8.0; January through June 1997, 2.3; p = .01), especially during time on antiretroviral therapy, but changes in the incidence of other cancers were not significant. During the study, prescription of combination antiretroviral therapy increased from 16% to 57%. The incidences of KS and PBL are decreasing. Although for KS the decline occurred in both treated and untreated groups (difference in rate of decline not significant, p = .08), it was sharper in the treated group; additionally, KS declined faster in the era after highly active antiretroviral agents were introduced. Thus, these decreases may be due in part to the effect of antiretroviral therapy slowing the progression of HIV disease.
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PMID:Effect of antiretroviral therapy on recent trends in selected cancers among HIV-infected persons. Adult/Adolescent Spectrum of HIV Disease Project Group. 1043 Feb 12

Viruses are etiologically linked to approximately 20% of all malignancies worldwide. Retroviruses account for approximately 8%-10% of the total. For human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-I), the viral regulatory tax gene product is responsible for enhanced transcription of viral and cellular genes that promote cell growth by stimulating various growth factors and through dysregulation of cellular regulatory suppressor genes, such as p53. After a long latent period, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) occurs in 1 per 1000 carriers per year, resulting in 2500-3000 cases per year worldwide and over half of the adult lymphoid malignancies in endemic areas. Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) accounts for a significant cancer burden, and its transactivating regulatory protein Tat enhances direct and indirect cytokine and immunological dysregulation to cause diverse cancers. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a very rare tumor except after HIV-1 infection, when its incidence is greatly amplified reaching seventy thousand-fold in HIV-infected homosexual men. Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), which is also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV), is a necessary but not sufficient etiological factor in KS. The dramatic decline of KS since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) could be due to suppression of HIV-1 tat. B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma occurs as their first acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-defining diagnosis in 3%-4% of HIV-infected patients. Hodgkin's lymphoma is also associated with HIV infection but at a lower risk. Human papillomaviruses are linked to invasive cervical cancer and anogenital cancers among HIV-infected patients. Human retroviruses cause malignancy via direct effects as well as through interactions with other oncogenic herpesviruses and other viruses.
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PMID:Human retroviruses: their role in cancer. 1059 Oct 85

AIDS-associated illnesses include Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and, since 1993, invasive cervical cancer (ICC). Between 1988 and 1998, among AIDS cases reported in western Europe, 9.6% had KS and 3.9% had NHL as AIDS-defining illnesses. Between 1988 and 1998, the frequency of KS decreased from 13.4 to 6.4%, while NHL increased from 3.8 to 5.3%. Estimates of the relative risk (RR) of neoplasms in HIV-seropositive populations came from population-based cancer and AIDS registries linkage studies conducted in the United States, Italy and Australia and from a few cohort and case-control studies. In adults with HIV/AIDS, the RR was over 1000 for KS and ranged between 14 for low-grade NHL and over 300 for high-grade NHL. For Hodgkin's disease (HD), a consistent 10-fold higher RR was observed. For cervical and other anogenital tumours associated with human papilloma virus, risk increases were 2- and 12-fold, depending upon location. In Africa, the AIDS epidemic led to KS becoming the most common cancer type in men in several areas. The RR of AIDS-associated tumours were lower in Africa than those reported in western countries.
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PMID:Epidemiology of AIDS-related tumours in developed and developing countries. 1142 51

To identify cancers that occur at higher rates in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, the cancer experience of New York State (NYS) AIDS patients aged 15-69 years who were diagnosed between 1981 and 1994 was compared with that of the NYS general population. Sex and HIV risk group-specific standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), post-AIDS relative risks, and trends of relative risks were calculated to determine cancer risk. Among non-AIDS-related cancers, elevated SIRs were found for Hodgkin's disease (male, 8.0; female, 6.4; heterosexually infected males, 31.3); cancer of the rectum, rectosigmoid, and anus (male, 3.3; female, 3.0); trachea, bronchus, and lung (male, 3.3; female, 7.5); and brain and central nervous system (male, 3.1; female, 3.4; heterosexually infected females, 23.8) cancers. Moreover, significant trends of increasing relative risks from the pre-AIDS to the post-AIDS period were found for cancers of the rectum, rectosigmoid, and anus; trachea, bronchus, and lung; skin; and connective tissues (all sites, p < 0.05) among males. For AIDS-related cancers in women, invasive cervical cancer had an overall SIR of 9.1 (95% confidence interval: 6.9, 10.8) and a post-AIDS relative risk of 6.5 (95% confidence interval: 4.1, 9.7). This population-based registry linkage analysis evaluates cancer risk in AIDS patients by sex and risk factors and adds evidence that HIV-associated immunosuppression increases the risks of specific types of cancer.
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PMID:Cancer incidence in New York State acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. 1154 60

To evaluate the risk of cancer among women with AIDS in New York City (NYC), we compared the cancer experience of AIDS-infected women in NYC with that of the general population of women in NYC by matching the population-based New York State Cancer Registry with the New York City AIDS Registry. A probabilistic algorithm was used to match names, birth dates, and, where available, Social Security numbers between 15,146 women with AIDS and 232,902 women with cancer. Standardized incidence ratios (SIR) were calculated as the ratio of observed to expected cancer cases in the population of NYC women matched for age, race, and calendar period of cancer diagnosis. Period-specific relative risks (RR) of cancer prevalence prior to AIDS, and incidence at or after AIDS were calculated to determine which cancers increased in proximity to an AIDS diagnosis, a surrogate marker of increasing immunodeficiency. Analysis was limited to women between the ages of 15 to 69 who were diagnosed with AIDS between 1981 and 1994. Among 15,146 women diagnosed with AIDS, we found 1,194 matches with the Cancer Registry. For cancers included in the 1993 AIDS case definition, the SIR was 178.49 for Kaposi's sarcoma, 48.97 for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 9.20 for invasive cervical cancer. The overall SIR for all non-AIDS-defining cancers was 2.20. Among non-AIDS-defining cancers, elevated SIRs were found for cancers of the lung (7.95), esophagus (7.69), multiple myeloma (7.37), oral cavity and pharynx (6.55), Hodgkin's disease (5.65), leukemias (4.52), and rectal/anal cancers (3.23). Statistically significant increases in period-specific risks were found for all non-AIDS-defining cancers combined, but not for individual cancers. Dual screening by two registries and unknown behavioral factors complicate the ascertainment of cancer risk. Our results show significantly elevated risks for several non-AIDS-defining cancers; these results are consistent with other studies of cancers among persons with AIDS. Extension of the time period of analysis is required to test for the effects of new anti-viral treatments and their association with cancer development among HIV-infected women.
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PMID:Risk of cancer among women with AIDS in New York City. 1218 15


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