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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The surveillance, epidemiology, and end-results (SEER) data on 5-year relative survival rates (1973-1987) for the most common pediatric tumors (ages 0-14) were analyzed. The SEER data are population based, so the observed progress in survival from childhood cancer represents the real impact that development in cancer treatment had on the population followed by the registry. The greatest increase in survival rate from 1973 until 1987 has been achieved in hematopoietic tumors such as acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), in which survival increased from 47.6% (1973-1977) to 60.8% (1983-1987), and Burkitt's lymphoma in which survival increased from 27.6% (1973-1977) to 68.7% (1983-1987). Solid tumors showed a less steep, but steady increase in survival rates. Flattening in the survival rates since 1978-1982 has been observed for acute leukemia, astrocytoma, medulloblastoma, and osteosarcoma. Females have better survival rates for most pediatric tumors, except Hodgkin's disease. Analysis of race of childhood leukemia confirmed that black children have worse survival than white. When solid tumors were analyzed by stage at presentation, there was no indication that diagnosis in earlier stages of disease accounted for the improved survival. Observed flattening in the survival rates since 1978-1982 of leukemia and some solid tumors warrants further follow-up.
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PMID:U.S. childhood cancer survival, 1973-1987. 793 74

To evaluate the incidence of second malignant tumors in a cohort of subjects previously treated for childhood cancer, we analyzed data from the Off-Therapy Registry (OTR) of the Italian Association of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, which collects information on children treated for Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Wilms' tumor, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute non-lymphatic leukemia and who had been removed from treatment in the absence of clinical signs of disease, i.e. the off-therapy stage. Second malignant tumors (SMT), diagnosed before December 31, 1988, were identified through a special enquiry to the 36 institutions cooperating in the registry. Observed cases were compared to expected numbers estimated from age- and sex-specific incidence rates derived from the Cancer Registry of the Province of Varese. In a total of 3,310 study subjects, 27 SMTs have been registered. The Cumulative Risk (CR) of SMT was 2.9% 15 years after the end of treatment and the Standard Incidence Ratio (SIR) was 10.8. The ALL sub-cohort had the highest risk of SMT (SIR 13.6) and 9 cases of CNS tumor occurred in this group (SIR 58.9). All 9 had received prophylactic cranial radiotherapy (CRT) and 5 had been treated on one protocol, characterized by low-dose intrathecal methotrexate (IT MTX) given monthly for 2 years after CRT. The Off-Therapy Registry has unique criteria for inclusion; direct comparisons with similar studies are therefore somewhat problematic. However, our data suggest that the risk of SMT in childhood ALL cancer survivors may be greater than previously reported, and that CNS tumors are the most common SMT in this group. The administration schedule of IT MTX may be an important risk factor.
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PMID:Second malignant tumors after elective end of therapy for a first cancer in childhood: a multicenter study in Italy. 796 Feb 10

The objective of this population-based case-control study has been to investigate whether residence before and after birth near 50 Hz high voltage installations increases a child's risk of cancer and whether risk correlates with the strength of the magnetic field. One thousand seven hundred and seven children under the age of 15 with either leukaemia, a tumour of the central nervous system, or malignant lymphoma diagnosed in 1968-86 were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry and matched with 4788 population controls. Measures of exposure were proximity before and after birth to existing or former 50-400 kV electrical transmission connections and substations and associated historical electromagnetic fields calculated on the basis of current load on line, phase ordering of line, and distance from the dwelling. A significant association was seen between all major types of childhood cancer combined and exposure to magnetic fields from high voltage installations of > or = 0.4 microT (odds ratio 5.6). At > or = 0.25 microT no significant association was seen (odds ratio 1.5). A possible association was also seen with cases of Hodgkin's disease separately at > or = 0.1 microT. On the basis of these results and additional descriptive data on electricity consumption and incidence of childhood cancer in Denmark since the 1940s it was concluded that the proportion of childhood cancer possibly caused by 50 Hz electromagnetic fields must be small.
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PMID:[Electromagnetic fields from high-voltage installations and cancer in childhood]. 805 79

In 1971-1988, 4,021 malignant tumors occurring among children under 15 years of age were registered in the Osaka Cancer Registry, a population-based registry which covers Osaka Prefecture, Japan. These patients were reclassified into 12 diagnostic groups by Birch's scheme using information on clinical diagnosis, histology and primary site. The annual age-standardized incidence rate for childhood cancer per million children was 130.3 for males and 104.9 for females in 1971-88. Comparing the incidence rates for both sexes in 1981-88 with those in 1971-80 in Osaka, we observed a significant decrease of acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) and a significant increase of all cancers, acute lymphocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, sympathetic nervous system tumors, soft-tissue sarcomas, and gonadal and germ-cell tumors. Age-standardized incidence rates in around 1971-80 of the above-mentioned diagnostic groups were compared among 4 population-based registries; Osaka, Miyagi (Japan), SEER (U.S.), and the National Registry of Childhood Tumors (England and Wales). Rates for ANLL and gonadal and germ-cell tumors were higher and those for other diagnostic groups were lower in Osaka, especially for Hodgkin's disease. Thus, in 1980-88 in Osaka, rates for Hodgkin's disease remained low and rates for gonadal and germ-cell tumors increased, though rates for other cancers appeared to resemble the levels in caucasian populations. The incidence of childhood cancer in Japan was estimated according to the diagnostic groups in Birch's scheme.
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PMID:Incidence of childhood cancer in Osaka, Japan, 1971-1988: reclassification of registered cases by Birch's scheme using information on clinical diagnosis, histology and primary site. 814 95

Thirty-two cases of neurofibromatosis Type I (NF1) were identified among 6,678 pediatric cancer patients treated at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital over a 29-year period. A total of 35 malignant neoplasms have been diagnosed in these patients. Two of three patients with second malignant neoplasms had colon cancer at the primary or second tumor. Of particular interest are two cases in which both NF1 and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors were present in multiple successive generations: a patient with colon cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma who has a constitutional abnormality of the p53 gene, and a patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia with the Philadelphia chromosome and other cytogenetic abnormalities, including the t(8;14). Outcome of patients in the largest subgroup, that of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, was favorable only for those patients having resectable extremity lesions. In contrast, all patients with central nervous system tumors are surviving. These cases reflect the molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities that can be present in NF1 and the variety of tumors that may result in these patients.
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PMID:Neurofibromatosis type I and malignancy: review of 32 pediatric cases treated at a single institution. 825 5

As the cure rate for childhood malignancies increases, the number of patients at risk for development of second malignancies also increases. Due to the potentially long remaining life span, long-term follow-up is difficult and patients are often at risk after presumptive cures. Some authors believe that cure rates for second malignancies are similar to cure rates for primary malignancies. We reviewed the records of 162 patients seen at our institution who had developed a second malignancy after treatment for childhood cancer. Presentation, age at diagnosis, tumor histology, extent of tumor, treatment (including radiotherapy with dosage when available, and chemotherapy) plus outcome were recorded. Mean age at diagnosis of the primary malignancy was 10.3 years. The most common primary malignancy was Hodgkin's disease (33) followed by soft tissue sarcoma (28), retinoblastoma (20), bone tumor (17), central nervous system (CNS) tumor (13), leukemia (8), Wilms' tumor (7), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (6), neuroblastoma (5), thyroid neoplasm (5), and others (20). The average interval between diagnosis of the first and second malignancy was 10.8 years. These second tumors carried a high mortality. Only 56 patients have no evidence of disease. Five patients are known to be alive with disease and 92 patients have expired due to their second malignancy. Disease status in 8 patients is unknown. The most common second malignancy was osteosarcoma (35) followed by soft tissue sarcoma (24), breast cancer (15), leukemia (14), thyroid carcinoma (14), CNS tumors (12), melanoma (8), nonmelanomatous skin cancer (8), lymphoma (5), and others (27).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Forty-year experience with second malignancies after treatment of childhood cancer: analysis of outcome following the development of the second malignancy. 826 99

Between April 1991 and June 1992 in India, physicians compared data on 99 childhood cancer cases with data on 90 sex, age, and hospital matched controls to examine the relationship between duration of total breast feeding and exclusive breast feeding and childhood cancer. Most of the children were patients at G.S.V.M. Medical College in Kanpur or at K.G. Medical College in Lucknow. Cases and controls were essentially the same in respect to birth order, age and educational status of mothers, smoking of fathers, and socioeconomic status. 65.7% of cases had leukemia. The duration of total breast feeding was significantly longer for controls than cases (10 months vs. 8 months; p .05). The difference between mean duration of exclusive breast feeding between mean duration of exclusive breast feeding between cases and controls was significant (4.6 months vs. 3.2 months; p .001). Controls were more likely to have undergone a longer duration of total breast feeding and exclusive breast feeding than were lymphoma cases (10 months vs. 6.15 months; p .01 and 4.6 months vs. 3 months; p .001, respectively). 58% of lymphoma cases had non-Hodgkins lymphoma. When the researchers compared other cancer groups and controls, no significant difference between the 2 groups existed in respect to total breast feeding and exclusive breast feeding. These results suggest that breast feeding has a protective effect against childhood cancer. Further, they indicate that exclusive breast feeding provides more beneficial immunological effects than breast feeding supplemented by artificial feeding. The high rate of breast feeding in India may explain the low incidence of childhood cancer in India (e.g., around 6/100,000 vs. 18/100,000 in Israel).
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PMID:Breastfeeding and childhood cancer. 828 92

While the incidence of cancer is increasing among both children and adults, mortality rates have decreased for children, while they have increased for adults. Of children diagnosed with cancer today, 80% are predicted to be long-term survivors. Although there are differences between children and adults with respect to the tumor types, biology, and outcome, there are common lessons which we can learn from our children regarding the genetics of cancer, its management and treatment, and the importance of longitudinal studies of the survivors. Specific pediatric cancers, such as retinoblastoma, have led to the recognition of tumor suppressor genes, now also observed among adult tumors including sarcomas, breast, lung, and bladder cancer. The presence of the tumor suppressor gene provides an understanding for the incidence of second malignant tumors among patients with heritable diseases. Furthermore, cancer prone families, such as those with the Li-Fraumeni syndrome, also carry the p 53 tumor suppressor gene; the presence of which greatly increases the risk of developing invasive cancer. Childhood cancer is rare; it represents only 1% of the total US cancer problem. However, 53% of all children with cancer, but only 2% of all adults, are studied via the NCI cooperative group mechanism. For some specific childhood tumors such as rhabdomyosarcoma and Wilms' tumor, as many as 70-85% of all cases are managed via NCI sponsored trials. Essentially all pediatric cancer is treated by interdigitating radiation with surgical resection and systemic chemotherapy. This approach has contributed to high cure rates. Finally, our understanding of the late effects of being a cancer survivor have come from longitudinal studies of children. The most severe long-term effects related to radiation in childhood pertain to growth and development, infertility, and second malignant tumor induction. Here the children treated for Hodgkin's disease have taught us the dose and volume effects on axial skeletal and soft tissue growth. Infertility issues are also treatment-related and may often be obviated by using gonadal shielding. The risk of secondary leukemia is related to dose and class of specific chemotherapeutic agents administered; it is 5.5% among children receiving 6 cycles of MOPP. There is a 22-fold risk at 30 years of age of solid tumor induction following radiotherapy for children with Hodgkin's disease. These serious concerns have been offset by current therapeutic approaches of using lower doses and smaller volumes of radiation with fewer cycles of less toxic chemotherapeutic agents. Childhood cancer ranks high among number of person-years of potential life saved annually.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Lessons from our children. 834 41

Using log-linear Poisson modelling, trends in childhood cancer mortality among the population under 20 years of age in Spain are described over the 35-year period from 1956 to 1990. Overall cancer mortality and seven specific sites were considered: all leukaemias, Hodgkin's disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, malignant brain tumours, kidney cancer, malignant bone neoplasms, and a broad category of ill-defined tumours. An age-period-cohort model was used to analyse the influence of age, period of death and birth cohort. Recent trends were estimated by restricting analysis to the last three 5-year periods. In general, mortality began to decline at the beginning of the 1970s, with reductions of 36% in males and 45% in females being registered between 1966-1970 and 1986-1990. The use of age-period-cohort models revealed an initially rising period effect attributable to diagnostic advances. The decline in mortality in post-1965 generations and the final downturn in the period effect are both most certainly a consequence of the remarkable progress achieved in the treatment of such tumours. During the final 15 years, there was a relative decline in mortality of approximately 20% every 5 years. However, in the case of malignant renal tumours in males and malignant bone tumours and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in both sexes the situation remained stable.
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PMID:Childhood and adolescent cancer in Spain: mortality time trends 1956-1990. 854 Nov 6

In the framework of the ITACARE project, a cooperative investigation conducted on the data from the Italian population-based cancer registries, survival of patients with childhood malignant neoplasms was studied. The study included 1,768 cases diagnosed at age 0-14 plus 29 osteosarcoma cases diagnosed at age 15-19. Cases were collected over the period 1978-1989, or more limited periods for some participating registries. A total of 1,138 cases were from the Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont and 659 from the registries operating in the provinces of Varese, Parma, Modena, Forli and Ravenna, Florence, Latina, Ragusa and in the cities of Genova and Torino (the last contributed only for bone neoplasm diagnosed at age 15-19). Overall 5-year survival was 54% for malignancies diagnosed in 1978-1981, 60% for the period 1982-1985; and 69% for the period 1986-1989. The range among registries of 5-year survival for cases diagnosed in 1986-1989 was 55-78%. Most diagnostic categories presented an improved prognosis for the cases diagnosed more recently. For cases diagnosed in 1986-1989, 5-year survival was: 74% for acute lymphatic leukaemia, 40% for acute non-lymphatic leukaemia, 65% for central nervous system neoplasms (76% for astrocytoma, 75% for ependymoma and 85% for medulloblastoma), 66% for osteosarcoma, 55% for Ewing's sarcoma, 87% for Hodgkin's disease, 64% for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 74% for rhabdomyosarcoma, 64% for neuroblastoma, 78% for nephroblastoma and 100% for retinoblastoma. Italian survival was similar to that observed in other population-based surveys in the UK and USA.
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PMID:Survival of childhood cancer patients in Italy, 1978-1989. ITACARE Working Group. 915 68


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