Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rituximab is a human/murine chimeric monoclonal antibody primarily used for treating non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma. Recently it has also been used in the treatment of several autoimmune diseases. A literature review was conducted to determine the efficacy of rituximab in the treatment of some of these autoimmune diseases. Multiple mechanisms proposed for the rituximab mediated B cell depletion are also discussed. The efficacy of rituximab is well-established and it is FDA approved for treatment of Rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, data on the use of rituximab is presented from 92 studies involving 1197 patients with the following diseases: systemic lupus erythematosus, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody associated vasculitis, Grave's disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, pemphigus vulgaris, hemophilia A, cold agglutinin disease, Sjogren's syndrome, graft vs. host disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, cryoglobulinemia, IgM mediated neuropathy, multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, idiopathic membranous nephropathy, dermatomyositis, and opsoclonus myoclonus. The efficacy varies among different autoimmune diseases. The cumulative data would suggest that in the vast majority of studies in this review, RTX has a beneficial role in their treatment. While rituximab is very effective in the depletion of B cells, current research suggests it may also influence other cells of the immune system by re-establishing immune homeostasis and tolerance. The safety profile of RTX reveals that most reactions are infusion related. In patients with autoimmune diseases the incidence of serious and severe side effects is low. Systemic infection still remains a major concern and may result in death.
 ...
PMID:A review of the current use of rituximab in autoimmune diseases. 1900 Jul 86

From March 1991 through 31st December 2007, 2042 patients underwent stem cell transplantation at the Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. These transplantations included 1405 allogeneic stem cell transplantation, 624 autologous stem cell transplantation, and 13 syngeneic stem cell transplantation. Stem cell transplantation was performed for various diseases including acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphoblastic leukemia, thalassemia major, sickle cell thalassemia, sickle cell disease, multiple myeloma, myelodysplasia, mucopolysaccharidosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, severe aplastic anemia, plasma cell leukemia, Niemann-Pick disease, Fanconi anemia, severe combine immunodeficiency, congenital neutropenia, leukocyte adhesion deficiencies, Chediak-Higashi syndrome, osteopetrosis, histiocytosis X, Hurler syndrome, amyloidosis, systemic sclerosis, breast cancer, Ewing's sarcoma, testicular cancer, germ cell tumors, neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, renal cell carcinoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ovarian cancer, Wilms' tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, pancreatoblastoma, and multiple sclerosis. We had 105 cellular therapies for postmyocardial infarction, multiple sclerosis, cirrhosis, head of femur necrosis, and renal cell carcinoma. About 30 patients were retransplanted in this center. About 74.9% of the patients (1530 of 2042) remained alive between one to 168 months after stem cell transplantation. Nearly 25.1% (512 of 2042) of our patients died after stem cell transplantation. The causes of deaths were relapse, infections, hemorrhagic cystitis, graft versus host disease, and others.
 ...
PMID:Stem cell transplantation; Iranian experience. 1911 Oct 33

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human DNA herpesvirus infecting more than 90% of the world's population. EBV is the etiological agent of infectious mononucleosis (Pfeiffer's disease). Furthermore, diverse malignancies such as Burkitt and Hodgkin lymphoma have been associated with EBV. More recently, a possible role for EBV has been suggested in chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus as well as in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is currently regarded as a disease with multifactorial etiology, EBV being one possible factor in MS manifestation: Infectious mononucleosis has been shown to increase the risk of developing MS later in life. EBV seroprevalence rates are higher in MS as compared to controls, in adult as well as in pediatric MS patients. Moreover, EBV antibody titres and EBV specific T-cells are increased in MS patients as compared to healthy individuals. Recently, CNS B-cells of MS patients have been reported to harbour EBV. However, there is still controversy whether EBV could be a causative agent as opposed to an innocent bystander in the pathogenesis of MS. This review summarizes current knowledge on the association of EBV and MS including a critical discussion of equivocal findings.
 ...
PMID:Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis. 1936 10

Progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) is a serious and usually fatal CNS infection caused by JC polyoma virus. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphopenia, resulting from HIV infection, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive therapy, are the primary risk factors. The immune modulatory monoclonal antibodies rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab have received regulatory approval in the USA and Europe for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, rheumatoid arthritis, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (Europe only); multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease; and psoriasis, respectively. Efalizumab and natalizumab administration is associated with CD4+ T lymphopenia and altered trafficking of T lymphocytes into the CNS, and rituximab leads to prolonged B-lymphocyte depletion. Unexpected cases of PML developing in people who receive these drugs have been reported, with many of the affected individuals dying from this disease. Herein, we review clinical findings, pathology, epidemiology, basic science, and risk-management issues associated with PML infection developing after treatment with these monoclonal antibodies.
 ...
PMID:Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a Review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. 1964 2

Human herpesvirus 6 discovered in 1986 is the most ancient human herpesvirus shown by molecular characteristics. Variant B infects children under the age of 2 years by droplets from asymptomatic virus shedding adults occasionally causing exanthema subitum. The virus infects CD4+ macrophages and lymphocytes; subsequently establishes lifelong latency and persistence with occasional shedding through the saliva. This variant frequently reactivates in bone marrow and organ transplant recipients with concomitant immunosuppression causing even fatal complications. It is a cofactor in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, chronic fatigue syndrome, Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas. The direct consequences of variant A infection and latency in CD4+ cells are not known. It transactivates HIV infection in vitro and in humans, and facilitates tumor progression induced by human papilloma viruses. Pathogenic effects of both variants are mediated by altered cytokine and chemokine profiles. Serological differentiation of the two variants is unreliable; however, it is possible by using PCR. Ganciclovir, foscarnet and cidofovir can be used for treatment and chemoprophylaxis of severe complications.
 ...
PMID:[Human herpesvirus 6]. 2030 45

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection results in a life-long persistence of the virus in the host's B-lymphocytes and has been associated with numerous cancers including Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. There is considerable evidence that EBV infection is a strong risk factor for the development of multiple sclerosis. Early age at primary EBV infection is typically asymptomatic, but primary infection during adolescence or adulthood often manifests as infectious mononucleosis, which has been associated with a two- to threefold increased risk of MS. Most importantly, MS risk is extremely low in individuals who are EBV negative, but it increases several folds following EBV infection. Additional evidence supporting a role for EBV in MS pathogenesis includes the observations of elevated antibodies to EBV antigens (especially EBV nuclear antigen-1) prior to the onset of MS, and an increased risk of MS among EBV-positive children. The biological mechanism by which EBV may cause MS is not known, but several possibilities are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Epstein-barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis: a review. 2036 3

Primary gastric non Hodgkin lymphoma (PGNHL) is a distinct group of extranodal lymphomas with interesting geographical distribution and variable prevalence in different countries. We analysed epidemiological data of our patients with PGNHL in Primorsko-goranska County. Clinical data of 30 patients with PGNHL diagnosed and treated in Clinical Hospital Center of Rijeka, Croatia between January 1995 and December 2005 were prospectively analyzed. We used statistical analysis (t-test, chi2-test) for small groups. Out of 30 pts with PGNHL, 19 were born in Primorsko-goranska County, part of Croatia situated by the Adriatic sea which consists of three regions: City of Rijeka, Islands and Gorski Kotar. 6 of 19 patients (31.6%) were originally from Gorski Kotar which made incidence rate of PGNHL in Gorski Kotar 7 times higher than in other two regions. Many authors emphasized that relative frequency of PGNHL is very variable in various countries and regions. Geographical distribution of our patients was very surprising because Gorski Kotar is the region with lowest number of citizens, rural area without any known pollutants, and ecologically one of the most preserved microsystem in this part of Croatia. Gorski Kotar is known to be an endemic region for multiple sclerosis and lyme borreliosis. Is it for PGNHL too?
 ...
PMID:Gorski Kotar--an endemic region for primary gastric non-hodgkin lymphoma? 2097 76

The role of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is still elusive. In 2007, Serafini et al demonstrated the direct role of EBV in brain lesions of MS patients. They found positive immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining for latency membrane protein 1 (LMP1), and EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) by in-situ hybridization (ISH) within postmortem brains of MS patients. The goal of this study was to attempt to demonstrate LMP1 by IHC and EBER by ISH in brains of patients with MS, to either support or refute their findings. Seventeen MS (16 brain biopsies and 1 autopsy brain) and 12 autopsy brains with no pathologic abnormalities, as normal controls, were studied. To control for the possibility that inflammation owing to other etiologies could result in EBV-positive cell accumulation, 11 brain biopsies of encephalitis and 4 brain biopsies of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy were also studied. Known positive (Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins lymphoma) and negative (with antibody primary replaced by buffer) controls were used. All positive and negative controls showed appropriate staining. However, there were no positive LMP1 or EBER results in any of the groups studied. The negative results of IHC and ISH in our study sharply contrast to those previously mentioned by Serafini et al, 2007 and suggest that EBV is not directly related to MS as an etiology.
 ...
PMID:Controversial role of Epstein-Barr virus in multiple sclerosis. 2149 80

Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), caused by the lytic infection of oligodendrocytes by a human polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV). PML is rare disease but mostly develops in patients with underlying immunosuppressive conditions, including Hodgkin's lymphoma, lymphoproliferative diseases, in those undergoing antineoplastic therapy and AIDS. However, consistent with the occurrence of PML under immunocompromised conditions, this disease seems to be also steadily increasing among autoimmune disease patients (multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease), who are treated with antibody-based regimens (natalizumab, efalizumab and rituximab). This unexpected occurrence of the disease among such a patient population reconfirms the existence of a strong link between the underlying immunosuppressive conditions and development of PML. These recent observations have generated a new interest among investigators to further examine the unique biology of JCV.
 ...
PMID:JC virus-induced Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. 2173 77

Vitamin D deficiency, diagnosed when the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD(3)) concentration is less than 20 ng/mL, has joined vitamin A deficiency as two of the most common nutrition-responsive medical conditions worldwide. There have been more scientific articles published about vitamin D in the 21st century than about any other vitamin, reflecting the massive expansion of the field of vitamin D research. Adequate vitamin D status has been linked to decreased risks of developing specific cancers, including cancers of the esophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, gallbladder, pancreas, lung, breast, uterus, ovary, prostate, urinary bladder, kidney, skin, thyroid, and hematopoietic system (e.g., Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, multiple myeloma); bacterial infections; rheumatoid arthritis; Crohn's disease; periodontal disease; multiple sclerosis; asthma; type 2 diabetes; cardiovascular disease; stroke; peripheral artery disease; hypertension; chronic kidney disease; muscle weakness; cognitive impairment; Alzheimer's disease; clinical depression; and premature death. On the other hand, inadequate vitamin D status during human pregnancy may be associated with increased risk for the development of type 1 diabetes in the offspring. However, this point of view may be excessively optimistic. There also is evidence that despite the current heavy reliance on serum 25-OHD(3) concentration for the diagnosis of an individual's vitamin D status, local tissue vitamin D intoxication may be present in individuals with much lower serum 25-OHD(3) concentrations than are currently appreciated. Only rarely are the symptoms of local tissue vitamin D intoxication associated with vitamin D status or intake. An individual's serum 25-OHD(3) concentration may appear to be "low" for reasons totally independent of sunlight exposure or vitamin D intake. Serum 25-OHD(3) concentration is only poorly responsive to increases in vitamin D intake, and the prolonged routine consumption of thousands of international units of vitamin D may interfere with the regulation of phosphate homeostasis by fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and the Klotho gene product, with consequences that are detrimental to human health. In light of these counterbalancing observations, curbing excessive enthusiasm for universally increasing vitamin D intake recommendations may be in order.
 ...
PMID:Vitamin D: health panacea or false prophet? 2358 82


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>