Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Table 6 is a summary of the organisms discussed with a listing of the environmental source, the endogenous source, the predisposing factors including neoplasms, and the postulated mechanisms by which the organism can gain access to the circulation. The evidence considered indicates that the entrance of one of these microorganisms into the bloodstream of a human being depends on the presence of multiplicity of predisposing factors. In the majority of cases of bacteremia due to one of these unusual organisms, two or more predisposing factors are present. Certain predisposing factors, such as cancer chemotherapy or intravenous catheterization, often provide a barrier break, while others, such as liver disease, may render the host immune system less capable of clearing organisms from the circulation. For organisms such as Campy-lobacter, Listeria, and Salmonella spp., attributes that allow the invasion of a healthy host are present and seem to be enhanced by the simultaneous presence of a predisposing condition, such as liver disease, in the host. Although somewhat fragmentary, a number of individual case reports describe bacteremia due to one of these organisms occurring weeks to years after surgery and after other therapeutic measures had effected a supposed cure of a cancer. It may be speculated that cancer patients, even after a cure, are still susceptible to bloodstream invasion by one of the aforementioned organisms by virtue of the presence of one or more predisposing metabolic, physiologic, or immunologic factors, even though these factors may be cryptic. The predominance of hematologic malignancies among cases of bacteremia due to these unusual organisms is also apparent. Although, as pointed out by Keusch (169), the reduction in the performance of immune function in hematologic malignancies compared with solid tumors is likely to be responsible, other associations of certain organisms with specific neoplasms warrant further examination. The frequency of bloodstream infections of Salmonella typhimurium and Capno-cytophaga canimorsus in Hodgkin's disease patients seems likely due to a particular mechanism which infection by these species is favored. The specific nature of these mechanisms remains to be determined. The recovery of any unusual bacterium from blood should warrant a careful consideration of the possibility of underlying disease, especially cancer. Microbiologists should advise clinicians of the unusual nature of the identified organism and provide the counsel that certain neoplastic processes, often accompanied by neutropenia, render the human host susceptible to invasion by almost any bacterium. The recovery of such organisms as C. septicum or S. bovis should prompt the clinician to aggressively seek to identify an occult neoplasm if one has not yet been diagnosed.
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PMID:Recovery of uncommon bacteria from blood: association with neoplastic disease. 755 69

We describe a patient with recurrence of Hodgkin's disease and severe liver disease of unknown origin in whom autoimmune neutropenia developed. Because of possible seronegative viral hepatitis he was treated with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin instead of steroids. He responded with a prompt but transitory increase of the neutrophil count and recovered completely after chemotherapy.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin therapy for autoimmune neutropenia in Hodgkin's disease. 765 10

In order to determine the frequency and characteristics of patients with liver abnormalities as the presenting manifestation of Hodgkin's disease (HD), 421 consecutive HD patients were studied. Six patients in the series (1.4%) presented with liver abnormalities that led to of a liver biopsy and the subsequent diagnosis of HD. All had fever prior to HD diagnosis, four frank jaundice, and one hepatic failure. No patient had pruritus. Moderate hepatomegaly was present in four patients. Cholestasis was observed in all cases; in most patients a moderate increase in the transaminase activity was also seen. Two patients had a mild rise in the serum LDH, four had leukopenia, and one eosinophilia. At liver histologic study, Reed-Sternberg cells were demonstrated in four patients; in the remaining two, the presence of atypical histiocytes, lymphocytes, and eosinophils was highly suggestive of HD, the latter diagnosis being confirmed by subsequent study of bone marrow and/or retroperitoneal lymphadenopathies. In three of the six patients, HD was not demonstrated in sites other than the liver. Three patients older than 60 years died shortly after HD diagnosis. By contrast, three patients younger than 40 years showed a dramatic response to chemotherapy: two of them had a further relapse, and one is considered cured after 14 years of continuous remission. Liver disease constitutes an infrequent form of HD presentation which must be included in the differential diagnosis of any patient with fever of unknown origin.
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PMID:Hodgkin's disease presenting as a cholestatic febrile illness: incidence and main characteristics in a series of 421 patients. 876 4

Starting from the observation that a number of consecutive patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) resulted positive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies on routine testing, we set up a survey for HCV contact prevalence in all patients with lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) followed in our institution. We searched for HCV antibodies by a third-generation ELISA technique, followed by a confirmation test (RIBA III); serum viral RNA and HCV genotype were investigated by a RT-PCR technique. We screened a total of 315 patients suffering from B-NHL (91), multiple myeloma (56), MGUS (48), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (57), Waldentrom's macroglobulinemia (13), Hodgkin's disease (HD)(43), and T-NHL (9). While only 1 of 52 patients with a non-B-LPD (HD or T-NHL) had signs of HCV contact (i.e., 1.9%, which is in the range of the normal population in the South of Italy), 59 of 263 patients with a B-LPD (22.4%) had HCV antibodies or RNA, or both, with no major differences among the various types of disorders, except for WM, in which the rate was higher (61.5%). The same prevalence was found for patients tested at diagnosis or during the follow-up, and in transfused or never-transfused patients. Only a few patients were aware of having a liver disease; one-half of HCV-positive patients never had transaminase increase. A review of data from Central and Northern Italy is included, showing similar findings; a report from Japan has confirmed such an association, while limited surveys in England have not revealed any correlation. These findings may have important biological and clinical implications.
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PMID:High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders in Italy. 920 2

Increasing evidence suggests that the hepatitis C virus (HCV) might be involved in the pathogenesis of B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHL). Since several HCV genotypes are currently identifiable and might be involved in the pathogenesis of different diseases (with different severity and responsiveness to therapy), the aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of viral genotypes in a group of patients with HCV-related NHL. Among 470 consecutive patients, 42 HCV Ab-positive cases were identified. HCV RNA could be detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and genotyping performed in 31 of these cases. As compared to our control group (211 healthy blood donors and patients with chronic liver disease), a striking high prevalence of genotype 2ac was detected among B cell NHL (48.4 vs 9.0%), with a relative risk of infection of 5.37 (P < 0.0001). No major differences were observed in the distribution of NHL histotypes and in the clinical features among patients with genotype 1b (the other most frequent genotype) or 2ac, a part from a trend towards a higher percentage of liver disease and a lower likelihood of response to interferon for patients with genotype 1b. The same high prevalence of genotype 2ac has been recently reported in patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC), monoclonal gammopathies, B cell NHL complicating MC and autoimmune hepatitis. All these data taken together suggest that genotype 2ac might be involved in the pathogenesis of lymphoproliferative and autoimmune disorders.
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PMID:The genotype of the hepatitis C virus in patients with HCV-related B cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. 944 35

Liver biopsy specimens from 62 patients with hepatic infiltration by miscellaneous lymphomas were retrospectively studied. The most relevant histologic features of liver infiltration in the various subtypes of lymphomas were then compared. In this study, diffuse large B-cell lymphomas were the most common neoplasm to involve the liver as primary or secondary tumors (64.5% of cases). The next most common lymphoma to involve the liver was Hodgkin's disease, found in 19.4% of cases, followed by peripheral T-cell lymphomas (9.7%), follicle center cell lymphomas (4.8%), and primary hepatic marginal zone B-cell lymphoma of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type (1.6%). Within the group of large B-cell lymphomas, a particular subset of cases was found, which was identified as T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma. This rare variant of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas involves the liver in a very distinctive way that may mimic, on both clinical and histologic grounds, inflammatory liver disease or hepatic infiltration by Hodgkin's disease. Although these diagnostic ambiguities can be easily solved by current immunohistochemistry, awareness of these potentially misleading features is mandatory to avoid misdiagnosis.
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PMID:Liver involvement by lymphoma: identification of a distinctive pattern of infiltration related to T-cell/histiocyte-rich B-cell lymphoma. 993 May 73

Intrahepatic cholestasis is characterized by a decrease in bile flow in the absence of overt bile duct obstruction, resulting in the accumulation of bile constituents in the liver and blood. Various etiological factors have been incriminated including drugs, total parenteral nutrition, sepsis, pregnancy, graft-versus-host disease and systemic disorders such as sarcoidosis, amyloidosis and Hodgkin's disease. The pathogenesis of cholestasis is unclear and several mechanisms have been hypothesized, without convincing evidence that any of these play a role in clinical cholestasis. Despite the uncertainty about the pathophysiology of intrahepatic cholestasis, several forms of therapy have been employed. Ursodeoxycholic acid may relieve pruritus and lethargy, and in some cases may modify disease progression. If cholestasis persists, supportive therapy is important to maintain optimal physical and nutritional well-being. In patients with advanced liver disease associated with hepatocellular failure, liver transplantation is the only viable option.
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PMID:Intrahepatic cholestatic syndromes: pathogenesis, clinical features and management. 1043 57

The striking association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) has conducted to the hypothesis that HCV plays a major role in the production of MC. MC is a systemic vasculitis characterized by the presence in the serum of cryoprecipitable immunoglobulins (Ig), with rheumatoid factor (RF) activity. HCV which is both a hepatotropic and lymphotropic virus, has been proposed as a causative agent of MC, and is responsible for clinic manifestations such as glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, neuropathy. Because MC evolves frequently into B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic HCV infection has been proposed as an aetiologic factor in B-cell lymphoma. Several controlled trials have demonstrated that combined therapy with interferon and ribavirin is beneficial in chronic hepatitis C with and without MC. Several studies have also suggested that interferon alpha or association of corticosteroids and or ribavirin to the interferon alpha regimen can attenuate the clinical manifestations of MC and considerably reduce CG production. Different situations can be encountered which may modify treatment strategies: patients may be asymptomatic carriers of cryoglobulins but may have chronic hepatitis according to usual criteria, in some cases, cryoglobulinemic patients have no active liver disease, with normal alanine amino transferase and mild liver lesions at liver biopsy, but severe manifestations of MC, in other patients, active liver disease and MC related symptoms are both present.
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PMID:Mixed cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C virus infection. 1131 37

Breast enlargement, a condition that was rarely reported in the era before highly active antiretroviral therapy, is emerging as a problem in the treatment of male human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Evaluation of this condition must distinguish between gynecomastia (proliferation of ducts and periductal stroma), lipomastia (adipose-tissue deposition), and malignancy. We describe 13 HIV-infected men, all of whom had exposure to antiretroviral therapy, who presented with breast enlargement. Nine of these patients had gynecomastia, only 1 had lipomastia, and 3 had lymphoma (2 had non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 1 had Hodgkin disease). Gynecomastia was unilateral in all but a single case. In addition, all but 1 of our patients with gynecomastia had prolonged exposure to protease inhibitors. Six patients had potential causes of gynecomastia other than antiretroviral therapy, including liver disease (in 2 patients), mild hypogonadism (in 1), long-term marijuana use (in 2), and use of medications that have known associations with gynecomastia (in 3). Although most causes of breast enlargement in HIV-infected men are likely to be benign, malignancies other than carcinoma are of concern.
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PMID:Breast enlargement in 13 men who were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. 1238 46

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a worldwide disease that is characterized by a preferential chronic evolution with mild to severe liver disease, including cirrhosis and, in lesser proportion, hepatocarcinoma. Out of these complications, HCV is frequently reported to complicate extrahepatic manifestations. Among those associated to HCV infection with a high degree of certainty, mixed cryoglobulinemia and its complications (skin, neurological, renal, rheumatological involvement) are the most prevalent (50%) in HCV-infected patients. The other diseases include noncryoglobulinemic systemic vasculitis, splenic lymphoma with villous lymphocytes, fatigue, porphyria cutanea tarda, sicca syndrome, and autoantibodies production. The extrahepatic manifestations that share mild-degree certainty of association with HCV infection include B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, autoimmune thrombocytopenia, pruritus, and type II diabetes mellitus. The other diseases such as autoimmune thyroiditis, lichen planus are more questionable for their eventual association with HCV and others (pulmonary fibrosis with or without polymyositis, progressive encephalomyelitis, Mooren's corneal ulcers, erythema nodosum, chronic polyradiculonevritis) are mostly case reports. Howerver, even in cases of tight association, the mechanisms through which HCV may promote or induce extrahepatic manifestations remain unclear and merit further investigations.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus-associated extrahepatic manifestations: a review. 1555 28


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