Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Africa, the "dark continent" and the source of such wonderful tales as King Solomon's Mines and Jock of the Bushveld, has an equally enthralling story to tell about malignant disease in general and the lymphomas in particular as they occur among its varied people. It is uncertain how far back in history contact existed with the rest of the world, primarily in the form of slave trading and colonization by, among others, the Portuguese and the British. Until recent times, however, Africa's secrets have remained largely undisturbed. Fragments of medical information are recorded in the diaries of those early, intrepid explorers, such as Albert Cook, Henry Stanley, David Livingstone, and Albert Schweitzer. However, it is only in recent years that the great natural experiments that have for so long been underestimated, and very much less understood, belatedly started to attract attention. Examples are the systematic studies by Denis Burkitt, who through perseverance unraveled the lymphoma that now bears his name, and the thought-provoking description of the immunoproliferative small intestinal disease carried out by the Cape Town group, with both illustrating the axiom that "the study of man is man." Despite such occasional outstanding achievements, there is still considerable paucity of data pertaining to the various lymphoreticular malignancies, so that only limited conclusions are possible. Certainly, lymphoma in Africa differs from that elsewhere in the world. In part, this may reflect a background of immunologic disturbance attributable to parasitic infestation, viral infection, rampant malnutrition, and the impact of a wide variety of vectors, such as mosquitoes, in disease transmission. Striking differences exist in the distribution of these tumors as the incidence and pattern are followed from the equator to the milder climates in the south. This confirmed phenomenon gives rise to the tantalizing suggestion that, to some significant extent, the changes reflect the influence of geography. Thus, there may be associated alterations in the fauna and flora that determine the presence of intermediary hosts that have an impact on the eventual expression of the malignant clone. Many questions remain unanswered. For example, how can the lower incidence of Hodgkin's disease and the predominance of high-grade malignancies in the tropics and subtropics be explained? To what extent does the lymphocytic and plasmacytic hyperplasia, ascribed to intense antigenic stimulus in Burkitt's lymphoma and myeloma--perhaps even other lymphomas, such as IPSID--predispose the host to a mutational event that leads to the emergence of each distinctive neoplasm?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:The malignant lymphomas in Africa. 193 63

Our hospital admitted 231 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas between June 1976 and November 1984. Review of these cases revealed the following profile: ages ranged from 1 to 70 years (median: 30 years), 156 males, predominantly children and adolescents, and 75 females. Diffuse histiocytic lymphoma accounted for 40.6 per cent of all cases. Seventeen patients (7 per cent) had nodular lymphomas. Fifteen patients, predominantly male children and adolescents, had lymphoblastic lymphomas and showed high association with mediastinal mass (47 per cent). Extranodal lymphomas mostly of the diffuse histiocytic subtype were diagnosed in 100 cases (43.3 per cent) and most frequently situated in the small intestine (59 cases). Burkitt's lymphoma--32 patients (14 per cent)--presented most often in male patients during the first decade of life and as an abdominal intestinal disease (19 cases). There were four cases of Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma (IPSID). Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in Jordanians are mostly of the diffuse histiocytic type, are rarely nodular, have a high frequency of extranodal involvement and tend to occur in younger age groups. Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma is less frequent than previously thought. The use of both of the Rappaport and Lukes-Collins classifications demonstrated a high degree of reproducibility.
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PMID:Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in Jordanians: a histopathological study of 231 cases. 369 96

A total of 417 evaluable patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas were diagnosed between January 1974 and December 1983 at the American University of Beirut Medical Center in Beirut, Lebanon. Of these, 179 (43%) patients had nodal lymphomas, and 183 (44%) had extranodal lymphomas. The commonest lymphoma was diffuse large cell (27%), followed by large cell immunoblastic (21%). The histopathologic pattern was follicular in 18% of the nodal lymphomas and in 5.3% of the extranodal forms. The most common site of extranodal lymphoma was the gastrointestinal tract (46.5%), followed by Waldeyer's ring (19%). Small intestinal lymphomas were three times more common than gastric lymphomas. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) was diagnosed in 20 of 59 patients who had primary small intestinal lymphoma. Of the 34 patients who had Waldeyer's ring lymphoma, 7 had gastrointestinal involvement at some time during the course of the disease. Nodal lymphomas were associated with poor prognostic factors: 82% were diffuse; 77% had advanced disease at presentation; 77% had intermediate- or high-grade malignancy lymphoma; 40% had marrow involvement; and 46% had B symptoms. In children, the most common lymphoma was Burkitt's, and 80% of pediatric lymphomas were high-grade malignancy. In conclusion, this study delineates the special features of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in the Middle East: The presence of IPSID; the high incidence of extranodal forms, in particular the intestinal ones; and the rarity of follicular lymphomas.
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PMID:Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in the Middle East. A study of 417 patients with emphasis on special features. 373 Oct 43

Certain lymphoproliferative disorders (Burkitt's lymphoma, tropical splenomegaly, and Mediterranean lymphoma) are more frequently observed in the tropical or subtropical areas than in other parts of the world. The polymicrobial exposure of human beings in those areas to viral, bacterial and protozoal infections led to the assumption of a specific connection between these conditions and the lymphoproliferative disease. Some evidence has accumulated that the Epstein-Barr virus might be an oncogenic virus connected with the development of Burkitt's lymphoma. Repeated plasmodial infections were more tenuously thought to be associated with tropical splenomegaly and, similarly, Giardia lamblia or Vibrio cholerae infections with immunoproliferative small-intestinal disease. However, those connections are only speculative and by no means proven. Small-intestinal lymphoma represents an example of a wide spectrum of manifestations covering autonomous pre-malignant immunoproliferative stages, als well as the full-blown malignant stages. Polyclonal activation and proliferation of B-lymphocytes, as well as concomitant immunosuppression are the characteristic features of the pre-malignant situation and may be the basis for the malignant transformation of single cells. Thus, the final clinical picture resembles that of a malignant non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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PMID:[Lymphatic diseases specific to the tropics (Burkitt's lymphoma, tropical splenomegaly and Mediterranean lymphoma)]. 608 44

Primary gastrointestinal lymphoma comprises a group of distinctive clinicopathological entities, most of which are not included in current lymph node-based lymphoma classifications. They may be of B- or T-cell type, with primary gastrointestinal Hodgkin's disease being extremely uncommon. Most low grade B-cell gastrointestinal lymphomas are of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type, so called because they recapitulate the features of MALT rather than those of lymph nodes. Paradoxically, however, most MALT lymphomas arise in the stomach, which normally contains no organized lymphoid tissue. These gastric MALT lymphomas appear to arise in MALT acquired as a reaction to infection of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori and their growth can be influenced by eradication of this organism from the stomach. Low grade MALT lymphomas, which usually have a very favorable clinical course, may undergo high grade transformation; high grade tumours also may arise de novo and these probably also belong to the MALT group. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) is a special form of MALT lymphoma with a restricted geographic distribution, which is characterized by synthesis of alpha heavy-chain immunoglobulin. Other gastrointestinal B-cell lymphomas include mantle cell lymphoma, which presents as lymphomatous polyposis, and Burkitt's or Burkitt-like lymphoma. Enteropathy (celiac disease)-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is the most common primary gastrointestinal T-cell lymphoma. This is a clinically aggressive tumor that arises from the intraepithelial T-cell population, which is increased in celiac disease.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal lymphoma. 792 6

Lymphomas can be localized to the gastrointestinal tract and can be primitive or secondary to a systemic lymphoma. Lymphomas can be classified as Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's. The latter include IPSID (all of the B-cell) and non-IPSID lymphomas. The involvement of the small intestine in its entire length is a feature of IPSID lymphomas. Non-IPSID lymphomas include MALT-type, which is a B-cell lymphoma, and EATCL, a T-cell lymphoma which is a not infrequent complication of coeliac disease. There are several classifications of lymphomas: the one by Isaacson is the most widely used at present.
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PMID:[Nosography of intestinal lymphomas]. 853 65

We report two cases of Primary small Intestinal Lymphoma (IPSID), in adults. The clinical presentation was, watery diarrhea and weight loss. The histology of this cases was non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, and the treatment was chemotherapy.
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PMID:[Primary immunoproliferative small intestinal disease]. 859 64

Gastrointestinal lymphomas comprise a group of distinctive clinicopathological entities of B- or T-cell type, with primary gastrointestinal Hodgkin's disease being extremely uncommon. Most low-grade B-cell gastrointestinal lymphomas are of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type, so called because they recapitulate the features of MALT rather than those of lymph nodes. Paradoxically, however, most MALT lymphomas arise in the stomach, which normally contains no organized lymphoid tissue. Gastric MALT lymphomas appear to arise in MALT acquired as a reaction to infection of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori and their growth can be inhibited by eradication of this organism from the stomach. Low-grade MALT lymphomas, which usually have a very favorable clinical course, may undergo high-grade transformation but high-grade diffuse large B-cell lymphomas may also arise de novo. Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID) is a special form of MALT lymphoma characterized by synthesis of alpha heavy-chain immunoglobulin and a restricted geographic distribution. Other B-cell lymphomas that tend to arise in the gastrointestinal tract include mantle cell lymphoma, which presents as lymphomatous polyposis, Burkitt's lymphoma, and B-cell lymphomas associated with immunodeficiency states. Enteropathy (celiac disease)-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL) is the most common primary gastrointestinal T-cell lymphoma This is a clinically aggressive tumor that arises from the intraepithelial T-cell population.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal lymphomas of T- and B-cell types. 1007 40

Primary gastro-intestinal lymphoma (PGIL) is the most common type of extra-nodal non Hodgkin's lymphoma. Their clinical and histological presentations are heterogeneous depending on the site of the lesion. There is no consensus regarding the role of surgery and chemotherapy in the therapeutic approach. In our country epidemiology of the disease is unknown with IPSID being the most frequent type. We report anatomo-clinical features and prognostic factors of PGIL and compare intestinal to gastric forms in our region. This is a retrospective study of 153 cases of PGIL in adults diagnosed and treated in the department of medical oncology in Farhat Hached Hospital between 1994 and 2006. The median age was 52 years and the sex-ratio 2.1. Tumor sites were gastric (67%), intestinal (26%) and gastrointestinal (7%). Abdominal pain (87%) followed by vomiting and diarrhoea (37 and 15%) were the most common symptoms. Performance status (PS) < 2 was seen in 80% of patients, high grade lymphoma in 70.5% of cases and B phenotype was noted in 85%. MALT lymphoma accounts for 50% of cases, and IPSID for only 5% of PGIL. About 47.5% of cases were stage IE, 138 patients had chemotherapy with an objective response rate of 77%. Only 46% of patients had surgery (14 for surgical complication, 6 for residual tumor after chemotherapy and 22 to have histological diagnosis). The five-year overall survival (OS) was 62%. In high grade lymphoma patients favorable prognostic factors for OS included young age < or = 60 years, PS < 2, normal serum LDH, hemoglobin > 12 g/dL, B phenotype, localised stage (IE-IIE1), anthracycline-based chemotherapy regimen, achieving complete or partial response to induction chemotherapy and no relapse. In multivariate study only relapse and PS were significant prognostic factors for OS. In low-grade lymphoma patients, none of these factors had a significant correlation with OS: age < or = 60 years, PS < 2, stage (IE-IIE1), response to induction chemotherapy, relapse. Compared to gastric lymphomas, intestinal cases occurred at a younger age, frequently with diarrhoea, weight loss, and occlusion. They are more often high-grade, T phenotype and have locally advanced stage (IIE); surgery is more common in this group. We conclude that stomach is the main site of PGIL in our region, intestinal lymphoma is less frequent and IPSID has become rare. Recent progress in chemotherapy has allowed good therapeutic results with a conservative approach. Surgery may be performed in case of emergency or for residual lesions after medical treatment.
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PMID:[Primary digestive tract lymphoma in central region of Tunisia: anatomoclinical study and therapeutic results about 153 cases]. 2039 89