Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0019829 (Hodgkin's disease)
 30,247 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The current paper presents the methods and design of two case-control studies among Chernobyl liquidators-one of leukaemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the other of thyroid cancer risk-carried out in Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Russia. The specific objective of these studies is to estimate the radiation induced risk of these diseases among liquidators of the Chernobyl accident, and, in particular, to study the effect of exposure protraction and radiation type on the risk of radiation induced cancer in the low-to-medium- (0-500 mSv) radiation dose range. The study population consists of the approximately 10000 Baltic, 40000 Belarus and 51 000 Russian liquidators who worked in the 30 km zone in 1986-1987, and who were registered in the Chernobyl registry of these countries. The studies included cases diagnosed in 1993-1998 for all countries but Belarus, where the study period was extended until 2000. Four controls were selected in each country from the national cohort for each case, matched on age, gender and region of residence. Information on study subjects was obtained through face-to-face interview using a standardised questionnaire with questions on demographic factors, time, place and conditions of work as a liquidator and potential risk and confounding factors for the tumours of interest. Overall, 136 cases and 595 controls after receiving their consent were included in the studies. A method of analytical dose reconstruction has been developed, validated and applied to the estimation of doses and related uncertainties for all the subjects in the study. Dose-response analyses are underway and results are likely to have important implications to assess the adequacy of existing protection standards, which are based on risk estimates derived from analyses of the mortality of atomic bomb survivors and other high dose studies.
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PMID:Studies of cancer risk among Chernobyl liquidators: materials and methods. 1240 Sep 62

The natural history of thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in relation to iodine prophylaxis in the region of Salta, Argentina, where goiter is common was investigated over a time span of 40 yr. For analysis of thyroid cancer, the specimens were divided into two periods. The first 15 yr (59 cases), including 5 yr before prophylaxis, was compared with the second 25 yr (182 cases), a period well after salt iodination. Papillary carcinomas formed the largest group of tumors in both periods, with a significant increase in their proportion in the second period (44 vs 60%, chi(2): p < 0.05), while the percentage of follicular and undifferentiated carcinomas decreased and medullary carcinoma remained about the same. The ratio of papillary to follicular carcinoma rose from 1.7:1 in the first period to 3.1:1 in the second. Four thyroid lymphomas of non-Hodgkin's B-cell type occurred in the second period in females over age 50. A severe lymphoid thyroiditis was present in the two cases with assessable background thyroid tissue. The frequency of moderate to severe lymphoid infiltrate in females rose from 2 of 12 (16.6%) in the preprophylaxis period to 34 of 114 (28.0%) in the last 25 yr after prophylaxis. After salt prophylaxis, thyroiditis was more frequent in patients with papillary carcinoma (36.2%) than in those with nonpapillary tumors (14.7%) (chi(2), p < 0.02). These observations indicate that a high dietary intake of iodine may be associated with a high frequency of papillary carcinoma and thyroiditis, and that thyroiditis is more commonly associated with papillary carcinoma than with other thyroid tumors. The occurrence of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas only in the postprophylaxis period may be linked to an increase in thyroiditis.
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PMID:Thyroid cancer and thyroiditis in Salta, Argentina: a 40-yr study in relation to iodine prophylaxis. 1244 16

A multicentre analysis was carried out on bone tumours in Cameroon during a 10-year period. Registers and patient records of five pathology laboratories were consulted, and all patients with a histological report of a bone tumour were included in the study. A total of 268 bone tumours were studied and the average incidence was 27 tumours a year, or two per one million inhabitants. Of these tumours 48% were benign, 45% were primary bone cancers and only 6% were metastatic disease. Among the primary malignant bone tumours, osteosarcoma was the most frequent (39%), followed by non-Hodgkin's primary bone lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and Ewing's sarcoma. Primary site of the metastatic bone tumours was prostatic adenocarcinoma, breast cancer, hepatocarcinoma and thyroid cancer. In Cameroon many bone tumours are not diagnosed due to lack of medical facilities and little awareness among our medical staff. It is likely that the real incidence is at least ten times higher than that shown in our report.
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PMID:Bone tumours in Cameroon: incidence, demography and histopathology. 1294 93

Use of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (F-18 FDG PET) in patients with known thyroid cancer is well documented, but the role of this imaging modality in the initial workup of a thyroid nodule has not been defined. The incidental finding of a hypermetabolic focus in the thyroid on F-18 FDG PET in patients with a variety of primary malignancies is reported. Based on the authors' literature search, this is the first documented case of a thyroid cancer resulting from papillary carcinoma detected in a patient with a history of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
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PMID:Fortuitous detection of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid with F-18 FDG positron emission tomography in a patient with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 1297 10

Mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC) is a systemic vasculitis involving small vessels (arterioles, capillaries, venules). The histological hallmark of the disease is the leukocytoclastic vasculitis secondary to the vascular deposition of circulating immune-complexes (CIC), mainly cryoglobulins and complement. The immune-mediated vasculitic lesions are responsible for different MC clinical features, including cutaneous and visceral organ involvement. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents the triggering factor in the large majority of MC patients (>90%). Moreover, several epidemiological, clinico-pathological and laboratory investigations suggested a possible role for HCV in a wide spectrum of immuno-lymphoproliferative disorders; namely, porphyria cutanea tarda, diabetes, polyarthritis, lung fibrosis, poly-dermatomyositis, thyroiditis, thyroid cancer, B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (B-NHL), etc. Renal involvement with or without MC syndrome can be observed in HCV-infected individuals. There is great geographical etherogeneity in the prevalence of HCV-related disorders. This epidemiological observation suggests a multifactorial and multistep process in the pathogenesis of these conditions, involving other unknown genetic and/or environmental factors. HCV lymphotropism may explain the mono-oligoclonal B-lymphocyte expansion observed in HCV-infected individuals, particularly in MC patients. The 'benign' lymphoproliferative disorder, classified as monotypic lymphoproliferative disorders of undetermined significance (MLDUS), may be responsible for the wide production of CIC, including cryoglobulins, rheumatoid factor and different organ and non-organ specific autoantibodies. The consequence is the appearance of various HCV-related autoimmune diseases, including MC syndrome. This latter may be complicated by B-NHL in 10% of the cases; moreover, HCV infection has been confirmed in a significant percentage of 'idiopathic B-NHL. For a correct therapeutic approach to cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis, as well as to other HCV-related disorders, we should deal with concomitant, conflicting conditions: HCV infection, autoimmune and lymphoproliferative alterations. In this scenario, we can treat the diseases at three different levels by means of etiologic, pathogenetic and/or symptomatic therapies. The eradication of HCV by combined interferon and ribavirin therapy can be achieved in only a minority of cases. On the contrary, severe complications such as glomerulonephritis, sensory-motor neuropathy or diffuse vasculitis can be effectively treated by a combination of corticosteroids, plasma exchange and cyclophosphamide. More recently, a pathogenetic treatment with rituximab, a monoclonal chimeric antibody that binds to the B-cell surface antigen CD20 with selective B-cell blockade, was proposed in patients with HCV-related MC syndrome.
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PMID:[Autoimmune and lymphoproliferative HCV-correlated manifestations: example of mixed cryoglobulinaemia (review)]. 1528 1

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), thyroid cancer (TC), chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), acute lymphatic leukemia (ALL), and Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). A Swedish cohort of 27,150 HCV-infected persons notified during 1990-2000 was included in the study. The database was linked to other national registers to calculate the observation time, expressed as person-years, and to identify all incident malignancies in the cohort. The patients were stratified according to assumed time of previous HCV infection. The relative risk of malignancy was expressed as a standardized incidence ratio (SIR)-the observed number compared to the expected number. During 1990-2000 there were 50 NHL, 15 MM, 14 ALL, 8 TC, 6 CLL, and 4 HL diagnoses in the cohort. Altogether, 20 NHL, 7 MM, 5 TC, 4 CLL, 1 ALL, and 1 HL patient fulfilled the criteria to be included in the statistical analysis. The observation time was 122,272 person-years. The risk of NHL and MM was significantly increased in the stratum with more than 15 years of infection (SIR 1.89 [95% CI, 1.10-3.03] and 2.54 [95% CI, 1.11-5.69], respectively). The association was not significant in TC or CLL. In conclusion, we report the incidence of several malignancies in a nationwide cohort of HCV-infected persons. Although the delayed diagnosis of HCV probably has resulted in an underestimation of the risk, this study showed a significantly increased risk of NHL and MM.
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PMID:Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and other nonhepatic malignancies in Swedish patients with hepatitis C virus infection. 1572 49

Serum LDH level is a prognostic factor in different malignancies as its increase reflects tumor mass and response to therapy. Serum LDH is the consequence of the disruption of the cell membrane of a large fraction of dividing malignant cells whose metabolic hallmark is anaerobic glycolysis that leads to increased LDH enzyme activity. Moreover, as we have previously shown that spontaneous LDH release from cells represents a measure of cell membrane damage, and this parameter is used for the estimation of cell destruction in cytotoxic assays, the aim of this study was to evaluate the characteristics of LDH activity of PBMC of patients with different solid tumors (non-Hodgkin's lymphomas--NHL, n=47; Hodgkin's disease--HD, n=45; ovarian cancer--OvCa, n=6; breast cancer--BrCa, n=34; thyroid cancer--TyCa, n=3; cancer of PVU--CaPVU, n=4 and head & neck--H&N, n=6) in all clinical stages of NHL and HD and in advanced clinical stages of disease for BrCa, OvCa, CaPVU and H&N. Spontaneous LDH release from PBMC was determined by the spectrophotometric method from supernatants of 8 x 10(6)/ml PBMC cultured for 2 h in RPMI 1640 without phenol red using and LDH substrate mixture. The total LDH activity was determined after lysis of PBMC by ultrasound. The obtained results indicate that PBMC in all the investigated malignancies, compared to control PBMC, demonstrate a significant increase (p<0.01) in spontaneous LDH release act, which correlates with advanced clinical stage in all malignancies except in Hodgkin's disease, in which the spontaneous LDH release was increased in all clinical stages. Contrary to this, the total LDH activity was not increased in PBMC in all investigated tumors. However, the "percent of spontaneous LDH release" was always increased, regardless of the total LDH activity, indicating that spontaneous LDH release is the consequence of PBMC membrane damage present in advanced stages of different solid tumors.
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PMID:[Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) of patients with solid tumors]. 1607 48

On the basis of 55 years of continuous cancer registration in Denmark, we present cancer incidence rates, time trends and birth cohort analyses for persons aged 0-34 years. The group of 40,750 cancer patients showed a substantial over-representation of males aged 1-24 years. The cancer pattern among young (15-34 years) men was dominated by testicular cancer (35%), lymphomas (14%) and tumors of the brain (13%), while the pattern among young women was governed by invasive cervical cancer (19%), malignant melanoma (15%) and cancer of the breast (12%). In this age range, a positive time trend was seen after 1970, equivalent to average annual percentage increases of 1.9% for men and 1.8% for women, due mainly to markedly increasing trends for testicular cancer, malignant melanoma, brain tumors, thyroid cancer, skin carcinomas and skin sarcoma among men, and for brain tumors, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, malignant melanoma, skin carcinomas and thyroid cancer among women. We saw no clear time trend for breast cancer among women. The cancer pattern among children (0-14 years) was similar to that reported for other white populations.
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PMID:Cancer incidence in the age range 0-34 years: historical and actual status in Denmark. 1638 Sep 85

The accident that occurred at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986, released large quantities of radionuclides--among them radioiodine--into the atmosphere, thereby raising public concerns about its influence on thyroid structure and function, especially the development of malignancy. There were even reports about 700 deaths due to thyroid carcinoma in Russian Federation, Ukraine and Belarus, resulting from the accident. In this review we discussed the incidence of thyroid cancer in different parts of the world, especially in heavily contaminated countries, as Ukraine and Belarus, and the possible link between radioisotope activity in the thyroid and the development of malignancy. The study carried out in Minsk showed 40-fold increase of the incidence of thyroid cancer in the years 1986-1994, in comparison to the period 1977-1985. An increase of the incidence of thyroid cancer has generally been observed in many countries after the Chernobyl accident. We focused on the factors that may have an influence on this phenomenon, especially diagnostic tests, health care, social and environmental factors, like iodine level in water and soil. The results of molecular biology studies, e.g. RET translocation in carcinoma type RET/PTC1 in elderly and RET/PTC3 in children, and expression Ax1 and Gas6 in children were reviewed as well. We also mentioned other thyroid diseases, like nodular goitre, cysts, the disturbance of thyroid function and autoimmunity, possibly linked to the radiation after Chernobyl accident. Data obtained from the regions near Chernobyl showed no increased risk of other types of malignancy (leukaemia, Hodgkin's and non Hodgkin's lymphoma) in 1986-1996. In this article the epidemiology of thyroid diseases in Poland was also reviewed.
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PMID:[The effect of Chernobyl accident on the development of malignant diseases--situation after 20 years]. 1683 89

There is increasing evidence that vitamin D reduces the risk of many types of cancer. Geographic variations in cancer mortality rates in Spain are apparently linked to variations in solar ultraviolet (UV) irradiances and other factors. Cancer mortality rates for 48 continental Spanish provinces for 1978-1992 were used in linear regression analyses with respect to mortality rates for latitude (an index of solar UVB levels), skin cancer (an index of high cumulative UVB irradiance), melanoma (an index related to solar UV irradiance and several other factors) and lung cancer (an index of cumulative effects of smoking). The 9 cancers with mortality rates significantly correlated with latitude for 1 or both sexes were brain, gastric, melanoma, nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), pancreatic, pleural, rectal and thyroid cancer. Inverse correlations with latitude were found for laryngeal, lung and uterine corpus cancer. The 17 cancers inversely correlated with NMSC are bladder, brain, breast, colon, esophageal, gallbladder, Hodgkin's lymphoma, lung, melanoma, multiple myeloma, NHL, ovarian, pancreatic, pleural, rectal, thyroid and uterine corpus cancer. The 16 correlated with melanoma are bladder, brain, breast, colon, gallbladder, leukemia, lung, multiple myeloma, NHL, ovarian, pancreatic, pleural, prostate, rectal, renal and uterine corpus cancer. The results for lung cancer were in accordance with the literature. These results provide more support for the UVB/vitamin D/cancer hypothesis and indicate a new way to investigate the role of solar UV irradiance on cancer risk. They also provide more evidence that melanoma and NMSC have different etiologies.
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PMID:An ecologic study of cancer mortality rates in Spain with respect to indices of solar UVB irradiance and smoking. 1714 99


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